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Biology Chapter 41 > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

process of organisms taking in and making use of food substances

  • Food intake and use of nutrients vary with animal and environment
  • Animals are opportunistic feeders
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2
Q

3 Categories of animal feeders

A

herbivores
carnivores
omniovres

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3
Q

Herbivores

A

eat mainly plants and algae

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4
Q

Longer alimentary canals- longer time needed to digest vegetation

A

Herbivores and Omnivores

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5
Q

Carnivores

A

eat other animals

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6
Q

Large expandable stomachs

A

Carnivores

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7
Q

Omnivores

A

consume animals and plants or algae

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8
Q

4 Classes of Essential Nutrients:

A

Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Minerals
Vitamins

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9
Q

How many Amino acids are animals required?

A

20 Amino Acids

  • Synthesize about half from molecules in diet
  • Other half must come from food to make a “complete protein”
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10
Q

Examples of Amino Acids

A
  • Meat, cheese, eggs

- Most plant are not complete proteins, need to eat specific plant combinations to get all essential amino acids

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11
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • Fatty acid deficiencies are rare

- Animals synthesize most of fatty acids needed

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12
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

include unsaturated fats (fatty acids with one or more double bonds) must be obtained from diet

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13
Q

Vitamins

A

are organic molecules required in diet in small amounts

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14
Q

What are the two categories of Vitamins?

A
  • Fat-soluble

- Water- soluble

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15
Q

Minerals

A

Simple inorganic nutrients (required in small amounts)

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16
Q

What can upset homeostatic balance if ingest large amounts?

A

minerals

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17
Q

Under-nutrition

A

When diet does not provide enough chemical energy

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18
Q

5 common reactions body goes through when undernourished?

A
  • Use up fat and carbohydrates
  • Breaks down it own proteins
  • Lose muscle mass
  • Suffer protein deficiency of brain
  • Die or suffer irreversible damage
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19
Q

What can provides info about an individuals nutrition?

A

Genetic defects that disrupt food uptake

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20
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of human health and disease in population, insight of human nutrition

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21
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

cause iron buildup without excessive iron intake

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22
Q

Deficiency of folic acid in pregnant woman results in…

A

Neural tube defects

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23
Q

Four food processing stages

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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24
Q

Ingestion

A

act of eating

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25
Digestion
breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb
26
Absorption
up take of nutrients by body cells
27
Elimination
passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
28
Four types of feeders
Suspension and filter feeders Substrate feeders Fluid feeders Bulk feeders
29
Chemical digestion
splits food into small molecules, pass thru membranes, used to build larger molecules
30
Mechanical digestion
chewing and increasing foods surface area
31
Enzymatic hydrolysis
splits bonds in molecules with water
32
Enteric division of what organ system helps regulate digestion?
nervous system
33
Endocrine system regulates digestion by...
releasing and transporting hormones
34
Two organ systems to help regulate digestion
Nervous and Endocrine system
35
What glands secrete digestive juices through ducts?
alimentary canal and accessory glands
36
Sphincters (valves)
regulates movement of material between compartments
37
Four accessory glands in the digestive system
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
38
Peristalsis
(food is pushed along) rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
39
Helps prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate entry into small intestines
Sphincters (valves)
40
Which food processing stages is activates each step as needed?
Digestion
41
Esophagus
connects to stomach
42
Pharynx
opens both the esophagus and trachea
43
Trachea (windpipe)
leads to lungs
44
Bolus
shape tongue makes and helps swallowing
45
Amylase
initiating breakdown of glucose polymers
46
1st stage of digestion is ________ and takes place in the ________
mechanical and oral cavity
47
What in the oral cavity breaks food into smaller particles?
Teeth
48
Salivary glands
delivers saliva to lubricate food
49
Saliva contains mucus, a mixture of...
water, salt, cells, and glycoproteins
50
Mucus
protects the stomach lining from gastric juice
51
Digestion in Stomach
Contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles churn contents
52
Stomach
stores food and secretes gastric juice and converts a meal into acid chyme
53
Gastric juice
- Has low pH (about 2) | - kills bacteria and denatures proteins
54
What is made of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin?
gastric juice
55
Pepsin
is protease a protein- digesting enzyme, cleaves proteins into smaller peptides
56
Parietal cells
secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately in the lumen (stomach cavity)
57
Chief cells
secrete inactive-pepsinogen which activates when mixed with hydrochloric acid in stomach
58
Small intestine
longest section of alimentary canal
59
Major organ of digestion and absorption
Small intestine
60
Hepatic portal vein
carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries of the villi to liver to heart
61
Transport across epithelial cells can be passive or active
Depending on nutrient
62
Liver
regulates nutrient distribution, interconverts and detoxifies organic molecules
63
What organ has a large surface area due to absorption?
Small Intestine
64
Duodenum
1st portion of the small intestine
65
Most digestion occurs in what part of the small intestine?
duodenum
66
What does duodenum epithelial lining produce?
digestive enzymes
67
Pancreas
produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of duodenum - Solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme
68
Enzymatic digestion
peristalsis moves chyme and digestive juices along small intestine
69
Jejunum and ileum
absorption of nutrients and water
70
Where does chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine?
duodenum
71
Bile
aids in digestion and absorption of fats
72
Where is bile made and stored?
Made in the liver stored in the gallbladder
73
What destroys nonfunctional red blood cells?
Bile
74
The colon of the large intestine is connected to the _______
small intestine
75
Feces
undigested material and bacteria, becomes more solid when moved thru colon
76
Rectum
feces is stored until eliminated thru anus
77
Appendix
extension of cecum, play minor role in immunity
78
Cecum
aids in fermentation of plant materials and connects where small and large intestine meet
79
What controls a bowel movement?
Two sphincter between rectum and anus
80
Two major functions of the colon
- Recover water that has entered alimentary canal | - Houses bacteria that lives on unabsorbed material and vitamins
81
Oxidation of glucose
generates ATP to fuel cellular processes
82
What does the body do to energy-righ molecules that are not needed right away for metabolism?
Body stores the energy-rich molecules for later use
83
Energy stores first in the
liver and muscles cells in polymer glycogen
84
Where is excess energy stored
in adipose tissue: most space-efficient storage tissue
85
Where does Glucose Homeostasis occur?
In the liver
86
Low blood sugar causes...
glucagon to stimulate breakdown of glycogen and release glucose
87
Carbohydrate-rich meal raises...
insulin levels which triggers synthesis of glycogen
88
The do the hormones insulin and glucagon do?
regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
89
What does over-nourishment cause?
obesity- excessive food intake energy with excess stored fat
90
What common diseases does obesity contribute to?
diabetes (type 2), cancer (colon, breast), heart attack, and strokes
91
Leptin
Helps suppress appetite
92
Why do the petrels (bird) become obese as chicks?
they become obese as chicks to consume enough protein from high-fat food, chicks need more calories than they burn
93
Hormones regulate long and short term appetite by affecting the “_____”
"satiety center" in the brain
94
What produces leptin?
adipose tissue

Biology Chapter 41 (1 decks)

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