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Biology > Chapter 41 - Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 41 - Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Insulin

A

Decrease blood glucose level
Secreted by: beta-cells in pancreas
Antagonistic to glucagon

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2
Q

Glucagon

A

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose level
Secreted by: alpha-cells in pancreas

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3
Q

Tropic hormone

A

stimulates other endocrine gland to secrete hormones

(target cells are other endocrine glands)

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4
Q

Non-tropic hormone

A

directly causes response by binding to specific receptor

e.g. PEG - Prolactin, Endorphin, Growth hormones

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5
Q

Endocrine

A
  • intercellular communication
  • ductless gland
  • receptors on target cells
  • secreted into bloodstream
    e. g. hormone
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6
Q

Exocrine

A
  • extracellular communication
  • gland with duct

e.g. sweat, sebum, digestive enzyme

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7
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

= norepinephrine = adrenaline = noradrenaline
nor = methyl group absent

hydrophilic amine hormone

  • belongs to catecholamine (two hydroxy phenols and amine)
  • neurotransmitter
  • produced in: adrenal medulla
  • role: fight/flight response - raises blood glucose level, acts on pancreas, smooth muscle, digestive system
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8
Q

5 types of intercellular communication

A

1) Endocrine signaling
2) Paracrine signaling (local)

3) Autocrine signaling (local)
4) Synaptic signaling
5) Neuroendocrine signaling

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9
Q

Endocrine signaling

A
  • local
  • signal molecule: hormone
  • secreting cell: endocrine gland
  • route: blood stream to target cell with specific receptor
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10
Q

Paracrine signaling

A
  • local
  • signal molecule: local regulator
  • secreting cell: neighbor cells
  • route: interstitial fluid
    e. g. cytokines, growth factors (polypeptides)
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11
Q

Autocrine signaling

A
  • local
  • signal molecule: local regulator
  • secreting cell: they themselves are target cells
  • route: interstitial fluid
    e. g. cytokines, growth factors (polypeptides)
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12
Q

Synaptic signaling

A
  • nervous system (neuron to neuron)
  • signal molecule: neurotransmitter
  • secreting cell: neurons (nerve cells)
  • route: movement across synapse
    e. g. inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters
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13
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A
  • nervous system (neuron to bloodstream)
  • signal molecule: neurohormones
  • secreting cell: neurosecretory cells
  • route: blood stream to target cell with receptor
    e. g. oxytocin, ADH, TRH
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14
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin
produced in: hypothalamus

stored in : posterior pituitary gland
role: promotes retention of water by kidneys

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15
Q

TRH

A

TRH

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
tropic hormone

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16
Q

Prostaglandin

A
  • local regulator (paracine, autocrine signaling)
  • modified fatty acid
  • found in prostate gland
  • also in semen (cause contraction of uterine wall)
  • promotes inflammation, pain sensing
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17
Q

Aspirin

A

painkiller
-blocks prostaglandin synthesis
(prostaglandin increases inflammation and immune response)

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18
Q

Ibuprofen

A

painkiller
-blocks prostaglandin synthesis
(prostaglandin causes inflammation)

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19
Q

Cytokines

A

polypeptides
enhance immune response

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20
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO)

A
  • local regulator
  • acts as neurotransmitter

-promotes vasodilation of blood vessel in penis (increases strength & duration of erection)

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21
Q

polypeptide (local regulator)

A

cytokines
growth hormones

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22
Q

Chemical classes of local regulators

A

1) prostaglandin
2) polypeptide
3) gas

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23
Q

Chemical classes of hormones

A

1) Polypeptide
2) amine
3) steroid

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24
Q

Polypeptide hormone

A
  • most abundant
  • hydrophilic
  • binds to membrane receptors
    e. g. insulin
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25
Amine hormone
- contains amino group (NH2) - hydrophilic e.g. epinephrine
26
Dopamine
hydrophilic amine hormone role: reward system
27
Thyroxine
hydrophobic amine hormone produced in: thyroid gland role: increases metabolic rate, but does not affect blood glucose level
28
Steroid hormone | (types)
``` Steroid hormone (types) ``` - hydrophobic - structure: four fused ring 1) sex hormone 2) corticoid hormone 3) vitamin D
29
Sex hormone
-steroid hormone testosterone estradiol
30
Corticoid hormone
- steroid hormone 1) glucocorticoid (cortisol, cortisone) : increases blood glucose level but does not affect metabolism 2) mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) : absorbs mineral ions in distal convoluted tubule
31
Vitamin D
- steroid hormone - causes Ca2+ absorption into blood -deficiency syndrome : Rickets
32
Oxytocin
Produced in: hypothalamus Stored in: posterior pituitary gland Role: reward system, stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells in uterus & mammary glands
33
Prolactin
Non-tropic hormone Produced in: anterior pituitary gland Role: stimulates mammary gland cells, breast milk production
34
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone -tropic hormone Produced in: Anterior pituitary gland Role: stimulates thyroid gland
35
GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone -tropic hormone
36
ACTH
anterior pituitary gland stimulates adrenals cortex to release...
37
Pituitary gland
"master gland" 1) anterior pituitary - secretes: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphin, growth hormone (FLAT PEG) 2) posterior pituitary - secretes: oxytocin, vasopressin
38
Two modes of coordination and communication in our body
1) Nervous system - fast, direct - short-lasting - travels through neural synapses - messenger: neurotransmitters 2) Endocrine system - slow, indirect - long-lasting - travels through blood - messenger: hormones
39
List the major endocrine glands
Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal gland Reproductive organs (ovary, testes) Kidney Digestive organ
40
Rickets
bone deformity -caused by Ca2+ deficiency
41
Osteoporosis
bone softening -caused by Ca2+ deficiency
42
Hypothalamus
- neuroendocrine gland = contains neurosecretory cells - releases: (1) oxytocin (2) vasopressin (ADH) from posterior pituitary
43
Pineal gland
Hormone secreted: melatonin (sleep cycle, biorhythm)
44
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone Tropic hormone Produced in: Anterior pituitary gland Role: stimulates follicle to secrete estradiol
45
LH
LH Luteinizing Hormone Tropic hormone Produced in: Anterior pituitary gland Role: stimulates ovulation in women, stimulates corpus lute to produce progesterone
46
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Tropic hormone Secreted by: anterior pituitary hormone Role: stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete long term stress hormone
47
Growth hormone
BOTH tropic and non-tropic hormone Secreted by: anterior pituitary gland Role: stimulates growth & metabolic functions \*abnormality can cause gigantism, dwarfism
48
Thyroid gland
Hormone secreted: thyroid hormone (T3, T4), calcitonin
49
Thyroid hormone
Secreted by: thyroid gland Role: stimulates & maintains metabolic processes
50
Calcitonin
Secreted by: thyroid gland Role: lowers blood calcium level, increases bone calcium level
51
Parathyroid gland
Hormone secreted: parathyroid hormone
52
Parathyroid hormone
Secreted by: parathyroid gland Role: raises blood calcium level, decreases bone calcium level
53
Adrenal glands
Hormones secreted: 1) Adrenal medulla: epinephrine 2) Adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
54
Pancreas
Hormones secreted: Insulin, glucagon
55
Ovaries
Hormones secreted: estrogens, progestins
56
Testes
Hormones secreted: androgens
57
Glucocorticoids
``` hydrophobic steroid (corticoid) stimulated by: adrenal cortex ``` role: raises blood glucose level, suppression of immune system
58
Mineralocorticoid
``` hydrophobic steroid (corticoid) stimulated by: adrenal cortex ``` role: promotes retention of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys, absorbs mineral ions in distal convoluted tubule
59
Endorphin
Non-tropic, Peptide hormone secreted by: anterior pituitary gland role: natural analgesics (painkiller, relieve pain)
60
Long term stress response
Process: 1) stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to activate adrenal cortex through hormonal signals 2) adrenal cortex stimulates mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
61
Short term stress response.
Process: 1) stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to activate adrenal medulla through nerve impulses 2) Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine

Biology (25 decks)

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