Chapter 41 - Human Reproduction

Question 1

Gonad

Answer 1

An organ that produces sex cells in animals

Question 2

Semen

Answer 2

A fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid

Question 3

Puberty

Answer 3

The beginning of sexual maturity

Question 4

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 4

Features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves

Question 5

Infertility

Answer 5

The inability to produce offspring

Question 6

Ovulation

Answer 6

The release of an egg from the ovary

Question 7

Menstrual cycle

Answer 7

A series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

Question 8

Menopause

Answer 8

When ovulation and menstruation stop happening in a female

Question 9

Menstruation

Answer 9

The discharge of the lining of the uterus and the unfertilised egg

Question 10

Secondary female characteristics

Answer 10

Maturing and enlargement of the breasts, widening of the pelvis, increased body fat, growth of pubic and underarm hair, growth spurt

Question 11

Secondary male characteristics

Answer 11

Growth of pubic, underarm, facial and body hair, enlargement of the larynx, causing the voice to break and deepen, increased muscular and bone development, widening of the shoulders, growth spurt, increased secretion of sebum in the skin

Question 12

Fibroids

Answer 12

Benign tumours. Result from overproduction of cells. Do not spread

Question 13

Fibroids symptoms

Answer 13

Prolonged menstrual bleeding (lead to anaemia), pain, miscarriage, infertility

Question 14

Fibroids cause

Answer 14

Uncertain. May be abnormal oestrogen response. Larger in women taking the pill

Question 15

Fibroids prevention and treatment

Answer 15

Small require none, frequent examinations. Large fibroids removed by surgery. May be necessary to remove uterus (hysterectomy)

Question 16

Copulation

Answer 16

Act of sexual intercourse

Question 17

Orgasm

Answer 17

Physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement

Question 18

Ejaculation

Answer 18

The release of semen from the penis

Question 19

Insemination

Answer 19

The release of semen into the vagina, just outside the cervix

Question 20

Chemotaxis

Answer 20

Sperm swim towards chemical released by egg

Question 21

Fertilisation

Answer 21

Nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg, forming a diploid zygote

Question 22

Implantation

Answer 22

The embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

Question 23

In-vitro fertilisation

Answer 23

Involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body

Question 24

Morula

Answer 24

A solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis

Question 25

Blastocyst

Answer 25

A hollow ball of cells formed from the morula

Question 26

Germ layers

Answer 26

Basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form

Question 27

Gestation

Answer 27

Length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth (266 days, 38 weeks, 9 months)

Question 28

Lactation

Answer 28

The secretion of milk by the mammary glands (breasts) of the female

Question 29

Birth control

Answer 29

Methods taken to limit the number of children that are born

Question 30

Contraception

Answer 30

The deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy

Question 31

Prolactin function

Answer 31

Stimulates milk production

Question 32

Where is prolactin produced?

Answer 32

Mother’s pituitary gland

Question 33

Methods of contraception

Answer 33

Natural, mechanical, surgical and chemical method

Question 34

Natural contraception

Answer 34

Avoid intercourse when pregnancy is likely in menstrual cycle

Question 35

Mechanical contraception

Answer 35

Use of mechanical barriers. Condoms, diaphragms, caps

Question 36

Chemical contraception

Answer 36

Use of spermicides or hormones. The pill.

Question 37

Surgical contraception

Answer 37

Sterilisation for females (tubal ligation). Vasectomy for males. Permanent.

Question 38

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) | Produced where. Produced when. Functions

Answer 38

Pituitary gland. Days 1 to 5. Stimulates eggs and Graafian follicle to develop (which secretes oestrogen).

Question 39

Oestrogen | Produced where. Produced when. Functions

Answer 39

Graafian follicle (ovary). Days 5 to 14. Causes endometrium to develop. Inhibits FSH. Stimulate LH release

Question 40

LH (luteinising hormone) | Where. When. Functions

Answer 40

Pituitary gland. Day 14. Causes ovulation. Graafian follicle to develop into corpus luteum (makes progesterone)

Question 41

Progesterone | Where. When. Functions

Answer 41

Corpus luteum (ovary). Days 14 to 28. Maintains endometrium. Inhibits FSH and LH production (Prevents further pregnancies).