Chapter 42 Flashcards
1
Q
The earliest branches of the animal phylogenic tree include…
A
sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, placozoans
2
Q
How many animals species are there?
A
1.5 million have been described; estimates 5-30+ million exist
3
Q
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia separately evolved from…
A
single-celled eukaryotes
4
Q
Is Eukarya monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
A
monophyletic
5
Q
Is Animalia monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
A
monophyletic
6
Q
Choanoflagellates
A
protist; sister taxon relationship to animals
7
Q
There are ___ phyla within Metazoa
A
35
8
Q
______ are the most basal metazoans
A
sponges
9
Q
Is the phylum Porifera monophyletic?
A
no
10
Q
Metazoa is broken into two Subkingdoms of Animals:
A
Parazoa and Eumetazoa
11
Q
Metazoan phylogeny is based in part on…
A
body plan and early development patterns
12
Q
Parazoans have…
A
only cellular grade of complexity
13
Q
Eumetazoa have…
A
at least a tissue grade of complexity
14
Q
Do parazoans have a gut?
A
no
15
Q
Do eumetazoans have a gut?
A
yes
16
Q
Porifera
A
Sponges
17
Q
choanocytes
A
flagellated cells in sponges that capture food; also called collar cells and are similar to choanoflagellates
18
Q
Sponge skeletons are made of…
A
collagen and/or mineralized spicules
19
Q
Sponges lack…
A
tissues and guts
20
Q
Sponge habits include:
A
filter-feeding, sex, and a larval stage
21
Q
Sponges are chemically _____
A
exotic; chemicals aid in competitive interactions + defend against predators
22
Q
Sponge larvae are _______ that either drift to settle to stick to parent
A
blastulae
23
Q
Are eumetazoans diploblastic or triploblastic
A
they are either
24
Q
Are sponges diploblastic or triploblastic
A
have no tissue layers therefore not a eumetazoan
25
The ___ is formed with the second tissue layer, which first appears in the diploblastic animals
gut
26
diploblasts
have an ectoderm and endoderm with gelatinous material between
27
ectoderm
outermost tissue layer; forms the skin and nervous system
28
endoderm
innermost tissue layer; forms the gut and it is formed during gastrulation
29
Are Eumetazoa radially or bilaterally symmetric
could be either
30
radially symmetrical animals are usually...
attached to a surface or they float
31
Do radially symmetrical animals have a central nervous system?
no, they have a diffuse nerve net
32
Cnidarians
corals and jellyfish and their relatives
33
Characteristics of Cnidarians
diploblastic, radially symmetric, blind gut, a species can have a polyp stage or medusa or both, solitary or colonial
34
Cnidarians have tentacles with ______
cnidocytes or stinging cells
35
examples of cnidaria
hydra (polyps), coral, sea anemone, jellyfish (medusa)
36
Ctenophora
comb jelly
37
Characteristics of ctenophora
diploblastic, radially symmetric, predators, swim with cilia
38
bilaterians including protostomes and deuterostomes have...
bilateral symmetry and develop from 3 germ layers
39
two of the phyla of Ecdysozoa that make up most of the animals on Earth are...
Nematoda and Arthropoda
40
The _____ is part of the exoskeleton
cuticle
41
Ecdysozoans grow by...
ecdysis
42
Ecdysozoans are
protostome bilaterians
43
Phylum Nematoda
unsegmented, move by undulation, estimated to be over 1 million species; some pest species and some parasites (ex. roundworm)
44
Phylum Tardigrada common name
water bears
45
Tardigrada characteristics
segmented body, lack jointed limbs, microscopic; live in mosses, soil, or bottom of lakes/ocean
46
Phylum Onychophora common name
velvet worms
47
Onychophora characteristics
Live in moist leaf little, prey on small invertebrates, segmented body, limbs are not jointed, catch prey by shooting sticky slime
48
Phylum Arthropoda characteristics
segmented, jointed appendages, cuticle is stiff (chitin); open circulatory system, several types of metamorphosis; higher level relationships
49
What are the 3 kinds of metamorphosis?
ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous
50
Ametabolous
young and adults wingless; only change in size (ex. silverfish)
51
Hemimetabolous
Young (nymphs) resemble adults (ex. grasshopper)
52
Holometabolous
Young (larvae) completely different from adults; pass through a sessile pupil stage (ex. butterfly)
53
ecdysis
molting of the cuticle
54
Characteristics of Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida
named for chelicerae near mouth, segmented body, joined limbs, 2 tagmata, NO metamorphosis (do molt)
55
Order Araneae common name
the Spiders
56
Order Opiliones common name
The Harvestmen
57
All species of Araneae have...
venom
58
Order Opiliones mostly feed on...
dead organic material (plants); some predatory
59
Opiliones form...
defensive swarms
60
Class Arachnida, Order Solifugae common name
sun spiders (ex. camel spiders, wind scorpions, solifuges)
61
Class Arachnida, Order Scorpiones characteristics
Good mothers, glow in UV
62
Class Arachnida, Order Acari common names
mites ticks
63
Class Arachnida, Order Acari characteristics
some ectoparasites (parasite that lives outside of its host), some detritivores
64
Class Xiphosura common name
horseshoe crabs
65
Class Xiphosura characteristics
mating is highly social + timed, glow in UV light
66
Class Diplopoda common name
Millipedes
67
Class Chilopoda common name
Centipedes
68
Class diplopoda characteristics
2 pairs legs/ segments; detritovores
69
Class chilopoda characteristics
1 pair legs/ segment; venom glands, predators
70
Subphylum Crustacea characteristics
many have a carapace, a plate-section of exoskeleton that protects the cephalothorax; only arthropods with two pairs of antennae; compound eyes are often mounted on stalks; highly modified legs
71
Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca includes
crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish, and woodlice
72
Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda
barnacles, copepods
73
Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta
About 1 mill spp known, more than half of all known animals are insects; adaptations for life on land: exoskeleton, waxy coating, spiracles, wings; evolution with plants
74
Class Insecta
3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen); 3 pairs of legs
75
Order Coleoptera
Beetles
76
Order Lepidoptera
butterflies and moths
77
Order Diptera
Fly
78
Order Hymenoptera
A large order of insects including sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
79
What are the four main groups of arthropods?
insects, chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans
80
What 2 groups make up the protostomes?
Lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa
81
lophophore
tentacle lined organ for filter feeding
82
In which groups is the lophophore found
phoronida, bryozoa, brachiopoda
83
trochophore
a ciliated larval form
84
trochophore is found in which groups
Annelida, Mollusca
85
Rotifera common name
'wheel bearer'
86
Rotifera characteristics
microscopic, pseudocoelomate
87
phylum platyhelminthes common name
flat worms
88
Platyhelminthes characteristics
dorsoventrally flattened, hermaphrodites, acoelomates, range of life styles
89
Platyhelminthes: Trematoda
the "flukes"
90
Characteristics of Trematoda
parasitic; unique larval stage; have an intermediate host to eventually reproduce in a definite host
91
Platyhelminthes: Cestoda common name
tape worm
92
characteristics of Cestoda
NO digestive tract; proglottids contain reproductive organs; numerous attachment structures; many vertebrate hosts
93
Platyhelminthes are protostomes that lack...
a coelom and an anus
94
Characteristics of the Phylum Annelida
Trochophore larva, coelomates, hydrostatic skeleton; closed circulatory system
95
Annelida Oligochaeta common name
Earth worms (some marine worms)
96
Oligochaeta characteristics
bundles of 4 setae on every segment; eat soil; hermaphrodites; cross fertilize; can breathe through skin
97
Annelida: Polychaeta characteristics
most diverse annelids; live in oceans
98
Annelid: Hirudinea common name
leech
99
Hirudinea characteristics
parasitic and predatory; hermaphrodites
100
Characteristics of Mollusca phylum
trochophore larva, coelomates, MANTLE!
101
defining feature of Mollusca
mantle
102
Mollusca: Gastropoda common name
snail
103
gastropoda characteristics
gills and anus above head, muscular foot; radula- rasping tongue
104
Mollusca Bivalvia characteristics
lost cephalization; use siphons for filter feeding
105
mollusca: cephalopoda common name
octopus
106
cephalopoda characteristics
foot divided into muscular tentacles, jet propulsion, display complex behavior, mimicry
107
3 major phyla of deuterostomes
echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates
108
Hemichordates
marine-dwelling bottom feeders or filter feeders
109
Hermichordates are the sister group to...
echinodermata
110
characteristics of hemichordates
pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord; not the same body plan as other deuterostomes; ex. acorn worms and pterobranches
111
Echinoderms
sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies
112
Characteristics of echinoderms
deuterostomes, unsegmented, radial symmetry, endoskeleton, fluid-filled canals, tube feet
113
echinoderm larvae...
bilaterally symmetrical
114
echinoderm adult...
pentaradially symmetrical; no head, oral + aboral sides, moves in any direction
115
Do echinoderms show segmentation?
No
116
Tunicates and Lancelets are chordates without
backbone
117
hagfishes and lampreys are vertebrates without
jaws (agnathans)
118
most vertebrates have a...
bony cranium and vertebral column
119
chordate characters
myotomes, post-anal tail, dorse nerve cord, pharyngeal slits
120
What group in the vertebrate phylogeny do not have a vertebrae but did at one point?
hagfish (Myxini)
121
Jawless vertebrates
hagfish and lampreys
122
Class Myxini
hagfish
123
Class Hyperoartia
Lamprey
124
Osteichthyes
Bony Fish
125
What is the most diverse group of all vertebrates?
osteichthyes
126
Two main groups of bony fish
ray-finned fish and lobe/fleshy-finned fish
127
Ray-finned fishes
paired fins are supported by internal skeletons; more diverse than other groups of vertebrates
128
Lobe-finned/ Fleshy-finned fishes
bones in the fin bases extending out from the body; only 4 spp; rest are the tetrapods
129
___ animal groups made transitions from water to land
11
130
coelacanth and lungfish are sister group to ______
tetrapods
131
Sauropsids
Amniotes
132
Are reptiles amniotes?
Yes
133
Reptilia include
turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds
134
Endotherms
use internal metabolic heat to sustain elevated and stable internal temps (more heat; less lost)
135
Matrotrophy
direct nourishment of embryo by mother
136
The mammals are...
amniotes with hair and skin glands
137
Monotremes
mammals that lay eggs and make milk but do not have nipples
138
Marsupials
mammals that have a placenta but give birth very early in development
139
Eutherians
more complex placenta and are well developed at birth
140
3 groups of mammals
monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
