Chapter 45, 22, 23 Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
What are the end products of carbohydrate metabolism?
A
Glucose, water, and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
2
Q
What are the end products of protein metabolism?
A
Amino acids, ammonia (converted to urea for excretion), and energy
3
Q
What are the end products of fat metabolism?
A
Glycerol and fatty acids, which can be further broken down into ketones for energy
4
Q
What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize regarding healthy eating patterns?
A
Emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats
5
Q
What should be limited according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
A
Added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium
6
Q
What is encouraged in terms of nutrient density and portion control?
A
Nutrient-rich foods over empty-calorie foods and monitoring portion sizes
7
Q
What beverage choices are prioritized in the Dietary Guidelines?
A
Water over sugary drinks and limiting alcohol intake
8
Q
How much physical activity is recommended per week?
A
At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise
9
Q
What is a Clear Liquid Diet used for?
A
Used post-surgery or for GI disorders
10
Q
What does a Full Liquid Diet include?
A
Clear liquids plus dairy and pureed foods
11
Q
What types of foods are included in a Soft Diet?
A
Soft, easy-to-digest foods for patients with dental or swallowing issues
12
Q
What is the purpose of a Low-Residue Diet?
A
Limits fiber to reduce bowel movement frequency
13
Q
What is the focus of a High-Protein Diet?
A
Supports wound healing, muscle building, and recovery from illness
14
Q
What does a Diabetic Diet control?
A
Carbohydrates to maintain stable blood sugar levels
15
Q
What is the DASH Diet designed for?
A
Low sodium, low cholesterol for hypertension and heart disease
16
Q
What does a Renal Diet limit?
A
Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus for kidney disease patients
17
Q
Who is at risk for malnutrition?
A
Elderly, cancer patients, individuals with eating disorders, those with chronic illnesses
18
Q
What are the consequences of malnutrition?
A
Weakened immune system, poor wound healing, muscle loss
19
Q
Who is at risk for obesity?
A
Individuals with sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary habits, genetic predisposition
20
Q
What are the consequences of obesity?
A
Increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease
21
Q
What are common micronutrient deficiencies?
A
Iron (anemia), Vitamin D (bone disorders), Calcium (osteoporosis)
22
Q
Who is at risk for micronutrient deficiencies?
A
Pregnant women, vegans, alcoholics, elderly individuals
23
Q
What is the goal of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for Diabetes Mellitus?
A
Maintain stable blood glucose levels
24
Q
What are the nutritional strategies for managing Diabetes Mellitus?
A
Carbohydrate counting, high-fiber, low glycemic index foods, limit refined sugars
25
What is the goal of MNT for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
Reduce cholesterol and blood pressure
26
What nutritional strategies are recommended for Cardiovascular Disease?
Low sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol; increase omega-3 fatty acids
27
What is the goal of MNT for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Reduce kidney workload and maintain electrolyte balance
28
What nutritional strategies are recommended for Chronic Kidney Disease?
Low sodium, potassium, and phosphorus; controlled protein intake
29
What is the definition of nutrition?
Nutrition is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, supporting immune function, and providing energy.
30
What are the key roles of nurses in nutritional care?
* Assessing patients’ nutritional status
* Educating on balanced diets and dietary modifications
* Monitoring for nutritional deficiencies or excesses
* Collaborating with dietitians for meal planning and interventions
31
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Primary energy source; provides 4 kcal/gram.
32
What are the types of carbohydrates?
* Simple carbohydrates: Sugars (glucose, fructose)
* Complex carbohydrates: Starches, fiber (essential for gut health)
33
What are the effects of carbohydrate deficiency?
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Ketosis (from fat metabolism)
34
What are the consequences of excess carbohydrates?
* Obesity
* Insulin resistance
* Diabetes risk
35
What is the function of proteins?
Tissue repair, enzyme production, immune support (4 kcal/gram).
36
What are the types of proteins?
* Complete proteins (contain all essential amino acids) – Meat, eggs, dairy
* Incomplete proteins (lack some amino acids) – Beans, nuts, grains
37
What are the signs of protein deficiency?
* Muscle wasting
* Poor wound healing
* Edema
38
What are the consequences of excess protein?
* Kidney strain (from nitrogen breakdown)
* Dehydration
39
What is the primary function of fats (lipids)?
Energy storage, hormone production, cell membrane integrity (9 kcal/gram).
40
What are the types of fats?
* Saturated fats: Found in animal products, linked to heart disease
* Unsaturated fats: Healthier, found in nuts, fish, and olive oil
* Trans fats: Artificially modified, increase LDL (bad cholesterol)
41
What are the effects of fat deficiency?
* Fatigue
* Impaired brain function
* Vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)
42
What are the consequences of excess fats?
* Obesity
* Cardiovascular disease
43
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
* Vitamins A, D, E, K: Stored in fat, risk of toxicity.
44
What are water-soluble vitamins?
* Vitamins B, C: Excreted easily, require regular intake.
45
Name essential minerals and their functions.
* Calcium: Bone health
* Iron: Oxygen transport
* Sodium: Fluid balance
46
What is the function of water in nutrition?
Hydration, temperature regulation, waste removal.
47
What are the signs of water deficiency?
* Dehydration (dry skin, confusion, low BP)
48
What are the consequences of excess water?
Hyponatremia (low sodium).
49
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Minimum energy required for vital functions.
50
What factors affect metabolism?
* Age
* Activity level
* Body composition
* Thyroid function
51
Fill in the blank: Weight loss occurs when calories consumed ______ calories burned.
<
52
Fill in the blank: Weight gain occurs when calories consumed ______ calories burned.
>
53
What are the components of a nutritional assessment?
* Dietary History
* Anthropometric Measurements
* Laboratory Tests
* Physical Examination
54
What is included in dietary history?
* 24-hour food recall
* Food diary
* Eating habits
55
What anthropometric measurements are used in nutritional assessment?
* Height
* Weight
* BMI
* Waist circumference
56
What laboratory tests are relevant for nutritional assessment?
* Serum albumin
* Prealbumin (protein levels)
* Hemoglobin
* Hematocrit (anemia indicators)
* Blood glucose (diabetes risk)
57
What are signs of malnutrition?
* Brittle hair
* Delayed wound healing
* Muscle wasting
58
What are the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers?
* Breastfeeding recommended for first 6 months
* Introduction of solid foods at 4-6 months
* Risk of iron deficiency if formula-fed
59
What are the nutritional needs of adolescents?
* High-calorie needs due to growth spurts
* Risk of eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia)
60
What are the nutritional needs of adults?
* Nutrient-dense foods to prevent chronic diseases
* Increased need for folic acid, iron, calcium during pregnancy/lactation
61
What are the nutritional needs of older adults?
* Slower metabolism → Lower calorie needs
* Risk of malnutrition due to decreased appetite, dental issues
* Increased need for Vitamin D and calcium (bone health)
62
What is malnutrition (undernutrition)?
At-risk patients include elderly, cancer patients, low-income populations.
63
What are the signs of malnutrition?
* Weight loss
* Muscle wasting
* Fatigue
64
What is the nursing diagnosis for malnutrition?
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements.
65
What is obesity (overnutrition)?
At-risk patients include sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diets, metabolic disorders.
66
What are the signs of obesity?
* High BMI
* Difficulty moving
* Breathlessness
67
What is the nursing diagnosis for obesity?
Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements.
68
What are examples of micronutrient deficiencies?
* Iron deficiency anemia (fatigue, pallor)
* Vitamin D deficiency (bone pain, fractures)
69
What is the nursing diagnosis for micronutrient deficiencies?
Risk for Deficient Nutrition.
70
What is a clear liquid diet used for?
Post-surgery, GI issues (broth, juice, gelatin).
71
What is a full liquid diet?
Clear liquids + dairy, soups, pudding.
72
What is a diabetic diet?
Controlled carbs, low sugar.
73
What is a heart-healthy diet (DASH Diet)?
Low sodium, low fat.
74
What is a renal diet?
Low potassium, low protein (CKD patients).
75
What are the nurse’s roles in implementing diet therapy?
* Educate patients on diet modifications
* Monitor food intake and tolerance
* Address barriers to compliance (cultural, financial)
76
What is the goal of medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus?
Maintain blood sugar levels.
77
What interventions are used in medical nutrition therapy for diabetes?
* Carbohydrate counting
* Portion control
* Monitoring A1C
78
What is the goal of medical nutrition therapy for cardiovascular disease?
Lower cholesterol, prevent hypertension.
79
What interventions are used in medical nutrition therapy for cardiovascular disease?
* Low-fat diet
* Increased fiber
* Omega-3s
80
What is the goal of medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Reduce kidney workload, prevent fluid overload.
81
What interventions are used in medical nutrition therapy for CKD?
* Low sodium
* Low protein
* Fluid restriction
82
What are the evaluation criteria for medical nutrition therapy?
* Weight stability or desired weight change
* Improved lab values (glucose, cholesterol, albumin)
* Increased energy levels and overall well-being
83
What are cultural dietary preferences that nurses must consider?
* Kosher
* Halal
* Vegetarian
84
What are ethical issues in nutrition?
Tube feeding vs. patient refusal.
85
What is important in informed decision-making regarding nutrition?
Respecting patient choices while providing evidence-based guidance.
86
What is the role of nurses in nutrition?
Nurses play a critical role in nutritional assessment and interventions.
87
How does understanding nutrition benefit patients?
Helps prevent chronic diseases and improves patient outcomes.
88
What is the nursing process in developing nutrition plans?
Nurses can develop individualized nutrition plans to meet patient needs.
89
What is the definition of Ethics?
The study of conduct and character; concerned with determining what is good or valuable for individuals and society.
90
What is the definition of Values?
Personal beliefs about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that influence behavior.
91
Why are ethics and values important in nursing?
They guide nurses in making decisions that respect patient rights and promote ethical practice.
92
What does Autonomy mean in nursing ethics?
Respecting a patient’s right to make their own decisions.
93
What is Beneficence?
Taking positive actions to help others.
94
Define Nonmaleficence.
Avoidance of harm or hurt.
95
What does Justice refer to in ethical principles?
Being fair and equitable, especially in the distribution of resources.
96
What is Fidelity in nursing ethics?
Keeping promises and being faithful to one’s commitments.
97
What is the purpose of the Professional Nursing Code of Ethics?
Provides a foundation for ethical practice and decision-making in nursing.
98
List the key components of the Professional Nursing Code of Ethics.
* Advocacy
* Responsibility
* Accountability
* Confidentiality
99
What is the importance of understanding personal values in nursing?
Helps nurses provide nonjudgmental care and resolve ethical dilemmas.
100
What is Deontology?
Focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, rather than the consequences.
101
Define Utilitarianism.
Emphasizes the outcome or consequences of actions to determine rightness.
102
What does Feminist Ethics consider?
The nature of relationships and emphasizes the role of emotions and caring.
103
What is the Ethics of Care?
Focuses on the importance of understanding relationships.
104
What is an ethical dilemma?
Situations where there is a conflict between two or more ethical principles.
105
List common causes of ethical dilemmas in nursing.
* Conflicting values between patients and healthcare providers
* Resource allocation issues
* End-of-life decisions
106
What are the resolution strategies for ethical dilemmas?
* Clarify the ethical dilemma
* Gather all relevant information
* Examine and determine personal and professional values
* Verbalize the problem
* Consider possible courses of action
* Negotiate the outcome
* Evaluate the action and its outcomes
107
What role do Ethics Committees play in healthcare?
Provide guidance and support in resolving ethical dilemmas.
108
What legal obligations are associated with confidentiality?
Maintaining the confidentiality of patient information as mandated by laws such as HIPAA.
109
What is the significance of advocacy in nursing?
Acting on behalf of patients to protect their rights and ensure their needs are met.
110
What is a Patient-Centered Assessment in nursing?
Gathering data related to ethical concerns, patient values, and potential conflicts in care.
111
Fill in the blank: The common nursing diagnosis related to ethical concerns is _______.
Decisional Conflict
112
What is Moral Distress in nursing?
Perceived inability to carry out ethically appropriate actions due to institutional constraints.
113
What is the goal of patient-centered planning in nursing?
Support ethical care, respect patient values, and promote autonomy.
114
What are some ethical nursing interventions?
* Advocacy
* Provide Information
* Promote Autonomy
* Coordinate Resources
* Facilitate Spiritual Support
115
What should be evaluated after implementing ethical decisions?
* Did the patient feel supported in their decision-making?
* Were the patient’s wishes respected during care delivery?
* Did the nurse experience moral distress?
116
What is an example of an ethical dilemma scenario?
A terminally ill patient with clear DNR wishes is intubated in the ICU against her prior directive.
117
What is the importance of understanding legal responsibilities in nursing?
Ensures patient safety and professional accountability
## Footnote
Understanding legal responsibilities helps nurses navigate complex situations and maintain ethical standards.
118
What is Statutory Law?
Laws enacted by legislative bodies, such as Nurse Practice Acts
## Footnote
Statutory laws provide the framework for nursing practice and define the scope of nursing responsibilities.
119
What is Regulatory Law?
Rules and regulations established by administrative agencies, like State Boards of Nursing
## Footnote
Regulatory laws ensure compliance with statutory laws and protect public health.
120
What is Common Law?
Laws developed through court decisions, including informed consent and negligence
## Footnote
Common law evolves through judicial rulings and can influence nursing practice.
121
What does Civil Law deal with?
Disputes between individuals or organizations, including tort law
## Footnote
Civil law encompasses various legal issues that may arise in nursing practice.
122
What are Torts?
Civil wrongs committed against a person or property
## Footnote
Torts can lead to legal action and affect nursing practice significantly.
123
What are Intentional Torts?
Assault, battery, and false imprisonment
## Footnote
Intentional torts involve deliberate actions that harm others.
124
What are Quasi-intentional Torts?
Invasion of privacy and defamation of character
## Footnote
Quasi-intentional torts involve harm caused by actions that are not outright intentional but still violate rights.
125
What are Unintentional Torts?
Negligence and malpractice
## Footnote
Unintentional torts occur when harm results from carelessness rather than intentional actions.
126
What does Criminal Law involve?
Crimes against the state, including misdemeanors and felonies
## Footnote
Criminal law can have serious implications for nursing practice and professional conduct.
127
What is the definition of Standards of Care?
Guidelines that outline the level of care expected in nursing practice
## Footnote
Standards of care are essential for ensuring patient safety and quality of care.
128
What are the sources of Standards of Care?
* Nurse Practice Acts
* Professional organizations
* Institutional policies and procedures
* Accreditation standards
## Footnote
These sources help define acceptable nursing practices and ensure compliance.
129
What is Licensure in nursing?
Legal permission to practice nursing
## Footnote
Licensure is crucial for maintaining professional standards and public safety.
130
What are Good Samaritan Laws?
Protection for those who provide emergency care
## Footnote
Good Samaritan laws encourage bystanders to assist in emergencies without fear of legal repercussions.
131
What are Public Health Laws?
Laws that include reporting obligations for communicable diseases and abuse
## Footnote
Public health laws are essential for protecting community health and safety.
132
What does the Uniform Determination of Death Act define?
Legal definition of death
## Footnote
This act provides a standard for determining death in medical and legal contexts.
133
What are the legal considerations surrounding Physician-Assisted Suicide?
Involves legal and ethical debates
## Footnote
Physician-assisted suicide raises complex legal questions about patient autonomy and medical ethics.
134
What is Informed Consent?
Ensuring patients understand procedures and risks
## Footnote
Informed consent is a fundamental legal and ethical requirement in healthcare.
135
What does confidentiality and HIPAA protect?
Patient privacy
## Footnote
HIPAA sets national standards for the protection of health information.
136
What are the legal considerations regarding restraints in nursing?
Legal use and documentation requirements
## Footnote
Proper use of restraints is critical to ensure patient rights and safety.
137
What is abandonment in nursing practice?
Failure to provide care to a patient after establishing a nurse-patient relationship
## Footnote
Abandonment can lead to legal consequences for nurses.
138
What is Risk Management in nursing?
Strategies to minimize legal risks
## Footnote
Effective risk management is essential for protecting both patients and healthcare providers.
139
Why is accurate documentation important in nursing?
It has legal implications and ensures continuity of care
## Footnote
Thorough documentation can protect against legal issues and improve patient outcomes.
140
What are the legal considerations for nursing students?
* Scope of practice limitations
* Supervision requirements
* Liability and accountability
## Footnote
Nursing students must understand their legal responsibilities and limitations.
141
What is the emphasis in the conclusion regarding nurses?
Upholding legal and ethical standards
## Footnote
Continuous education and awareness are vital for legal compliance in nursing.
142
What is the purpose of assessment in the legal context?
Identifying potential legal risks and ensuring patient rights are respected
## Footnote
This includes recognizing legal documents and professional responsibilities.
143
What patient-specific legal considerations should be reviewed during assessment?
* Advance directives
* DNR orders
* Durable power of attorney
* Consent forms
* Legal guardianship or surrogate decision-makers
## Footnote
These considerations ensure that patient autonomy and legal rights are upheld.
144
What institutional and legal policies should be assessed?
* Proper documentation policies
* Use of restraints
* Medication administration rights
## Footnote
These policies guide safe and legal nursing practice.
145
What should a nurse evaluate regarding their knowledge and scope?
* Understanding of the Nurse Practice Act
* Familiarity with facility policies
* Recognition of reportable incidents
## Footnote
This ensures that nurses are practicing within legal and professional standards.
146
What are the documentation checkpoints a nurse must verify?
* Timely
* Accurate
* Objective
* Complete
* Approved abbreviations
## Footnote
Proper documentation is critical for legal protection and quality care.
147
Name two examples of nursing diagnoses that reflect legal concerns.
* Risk for Injury related to lack of informed consent
* Deficient Knowledge related to legal rights
## Footnote
These diagnoses highlight the intersection of nursing practice and legal implications.
148
What are patient-centered goals in the planning phase?
* Verbalize understanding of rights
* Complete and sign informed consent
* Review and honor personal legal documents
## Footnote
Goals should empower patients and ensure their legal rights are respected.
149
What are some nurse-centered goals during the planning phase?
* Accurately document care
* Follow reporting procedures for abuse
* Consult when in doubt about scope of practice
## Footnote
These goals help maintain legal compliance in nursing practice.
150
What are key legal nursing interventions during implementation?
* Obtain and confirm informed consent
* Protect patient confidentiality
* Apply restraints legally and safely
* Accurate documentation
* Report legally mandated events
* Maintain licensure and continuing education
## Footnote
These interventions ensure legal standards are met and patient safety is prioritized.
151
What are evaluation questions a nurse should consider?
* Was informed consent obtained?
* Did documentation reflect complete care?
* Were patient rights respected?
* Was care within scope of practice?
* Was legally required information reported?
## Footnote
Evaluating these aspects helps ensure compliance with legal standards.
152
Fill in the blank: A nurse must stay current with the _______ to maintain licensure.
[Nurse Practice Act]
153
True or False: Legal concerns are typically considered traditional NANDA nursing diagnoses.
False
## Footnote
Legal concerns may not fit traditional nursing diagnoses but are important in practice.
154
What should a nurse reflect on regarding their practice and legal issues?
* Did I protect my patient’s legal rights?
* Did I act within my professional legal boundaries?
* Do I need further education on legal issues?
## Footnote
Self-reflection helps nurses identify areas for improvement in legal knowledge.
155
In the example scenario, what was the risk identified for the patient?
Risk for Injury related to impaired judgment and wandering behavior
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of assessing patient safety needs.
156
What interventions were suggested to ensure patient safety without violating rights?
* Bed alarms
* Sitter
* Environmental adjustments
## Footnote
Non-restraint interventions are preferable to uphold patient dignity.
157
What is the outcome of the evaluation in the example scenario?
Patient remained safe, no restraint used, and nurse documented interventions clearly
## Footnote
This demonstrates effective implementation of legal and ethical nursing practices.
