Chapter 46

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

chemical signals that circulate through the body fluids control and regulate the activity of distant organs and tissues.

Question 2

Endocrine system

Answer 2

group of organs and cells
that produces chemical signals and secretes them
into the bloodstream

Question 3

The difference between hormones and the endocrine system is:

Answer 3

Hormones are chemical (letters) messengers that travel through the bloodstream to regulate body functions.

The Endocrine System (mail main) is the network of glands and cells that produce and release hormones into the body.

Question 4

Hormone signaling pathways help

Answer 4

maintain balance (homeostasis) by regulating hormone levels through feedback loops.

Effector cells send feedback to endocrine cells to reduce hormone production.

Effector cell responses also signal neuroendocrine pathways to lower neurohormone levels.

Neuroendocrine-to-endocrine signaling adds another layer, where hormones inhibit neurohormone production.

The endocrine and nervous systems work together to control the body’s response to stimuli.

Question 5

Hormones act

Answer 5

act by binding to hormone receptors

Question 6

Endocrine system

Answer 6

Hypothalamus – Controls hormone release from the pituitary gland.

Pituitary Gland – Regulates growth, stress, reproduction, and lactation.

Testes – Produce testosterone for male development and reproduction.

Pancreas – Regulates blood sugar levels with insulin and glucagon.

Ovaries – Produce estrogen and progesterone for female development and reproduction.

Parathyroid Glands – Control calcium levels in the blood.

Adrenal Glands – Manage stress responses and regulate metabolism.

Kidneys – Stimulate red blood cell production.

Thyroid Gland – Controls metabolism and growth.

Pineal Gland – Regulates sleep-wake cycles with melatonin.

Question 7

Types of asexual reproduction

Answer 7

Budding: Bit of parent grows to be a new
Binary fission: Splits into 2 identical organisms
Fragmentation and regeneration: split into pieces all new
Parthenogenesis : a parent lays an egg (without help with other parent) bees, ants, Normally, eggs need sperm to develop, but in parthenogenesis, the egg starts developing on its own.

Question 8

Sexual reproduction

Answer 8

External fertilization: eggs and sperm are released in the environment example: Fish

Internal fertilization: Sperm is in female and needs 2 parents

Question 9

Reproductive system male

Answer 9

TEVS BPP

testes: sperm testosterone
epididymis: Stores mature sperm
vas deferens: transports sperm to urethrae
seminal vesicles: sugar fluid for sperm
postal gland :alkaline fluid to protect sperm
bulbourethral gland: lube urethrae
penis and urethrae: deliver the sperm

Question 10

Asexual reproduction

Answer 10

is based on mitosis and occurs
without fusion of gametes (clone themselves)

Question 11

Sexual reproduction

Answer 11

is based on meiosis and fusion
of gametes (offspring that are genetically different)