chapter 48 ~ urinary system

Question 1

The regulation of water and ion balance.

Answer 1

Osmoregulation

Question 2

The process by which the fluid containing waste materials —urine— is released from the body into the environment from the distal end of an excretory tubule.

Answer 2

Excretion

Question 3

The total solute concentration of a solution, measured in is moles— the number of the solute molecules and ions (in moles) — per liter of solution.

Answer 3

Osmolarity

Question 4

The control of body temperature.

Answer 4

Thermoregulation

Question 5

An animal that uses control mechanisms to keep the osmolarity of cellular and extracellular fluids the same, but at levels may differ from the osmolarity of the surroundings.

Answer 5

Osmoregulators

Question 6

A layer of cells with specialized transport proteins in their plasma membranes.

Answer 6

Transport epithelium

Question 7

An animal in which the osmolarity of the cellular and extracellular solutions matches the osmolarity of the environment.

Answer 7

Osmoconformers

Question 8

Minute tubular structures that carry out osmoregulation and excretion.

Answer 8

Excretory tubules

Question 9

The outer region of the mammalian kidney that surrounds the renal medulla.

Answer 9

Renal cortex

Question 10

The main organ of excretion and osmoregulation in insects, helping them to maintain water and electrolyte balance.

Answer 10

Malphighian tubule

Question 11

The inner region of the mammalian kidney.

Answer 11

Renal medulla

Question 12

The simplest form of invertebrate excretory tubule.

Answer 12

Protonephridium

Question 13

A specialized excretory tubule that contributes to osmoregulation and carries out excretion, found in all vertebrates.

Answer 13

Nephrons

Question 14

An artery that carries bodily fluids into the kidney.

Answer 14

Renal artery

Question 15

A storage sac located outside the kidneys.

Answer 15

Urinary bladder

Question 16

The vein that routes filtered blood away from the kidney.

Answer 16

Renal vein

Question 17

The central cavity in the kidney where urine drains from collecting ducts.

Answer 17

Renal pelvis

Question 18

The tube through which urine flows from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

Answer 18

Ureter

Question 19

In mammals, the kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.

Answer 19

Urinary system

Question 20

A location where urine leaving individual nephrons is processed further.

Answer 20

Collecting ducts

Question 21

The tube through which urine leaves the bladder. In most animals, the urethra opens to the outside.

Answer 21

Urethra

Question 22

A ball of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule in the human nephron.

Answer 22

Glomerulus

Question 23

The tubule between the Bowman’s capsule and the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney, which carries and processes the filtrate.

Answer 23

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 24

The process by which plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule as blood flows through the glomerulus; it is the first step of urine formation

Answer 24

Glomerular filtration

Question 25

An infolded region at the proximal end of a nephron that cups around the glomerulus and collects the water and solutes filtered out of the blood.

Answer 25

Bowman’s capsule

Question 26

The vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus of the kidney.

Answer 26

Afferent arterioles

Question 27

The tubule in the human nephron that drains urine into a collecting duct that leads to the renal pelvis.

Answer 27

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 28

A u-shaped bend of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Answer 28

Loop of henle

Question 29

A capillary of the network surrounding the glomerulus.

Answer 29

Peritubular capillaries

Question 30

The arteriole that receives blood from the glomerulus.

Answer 30

Efferent arteriole

Question 31

A structure in the kidney near a point where the distal convoluted tubule contracts the afferent arteriole carrying blood to the glomerulus; specialized tubule cells in the _________ monitor the salt level of the fluid flowing past them in the tubule.

Answer 31

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 32

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Answer 32

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 33

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the molecule produced by cleavage of the plasma protein angiotensinogen.

Answer 33

Angiotensin I

Question 34

An enzyme secreted by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus into the bloodstream that converts a blood protein into the peptide hormone angiotensin.

Answer 34

Renin

Question 35

The most important hormonal system involved in regulation of NA+ in mammals.

Answer 35

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 36

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the molecule converted from angiotensin I by angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE); angiotensin II is a hormone that constricts arterioles to raise blood pressure, stimulates synthesis of aldosterone and its secretion from the adrenal cortex, and stimulates thirst.

Answer 36

Angiotensin II

Question 37

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases water absorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing the volume of the blood.

Answer 37

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 38

A mineralocorticoid hormone released from the adrenal cortex increases the amount NA+ reabsorbed from the urine in the kidneys and absorbed from foods in the intestine, reduces the amount of NA+ secreted by salivary and sweat glands, and increases the rate of K+ excretion by the kidneys, keeping NA+ and K+ balanced at the levels required for normal cellular function.

Answer 38

Aldosterone

Question 39

The flow of heat between atoms or molecules in direct contact.

Answer 39

Conduction

Question 40

A sensory neuron in the hypothalamus that responds to changes in the osmolarity of the fluid surrounding it, which reflects the osmolarity generally of the body fluids.

Answer 40

Osmoreceptor

Question 41

A peptide hormone that inhibits renin release and increases the filtration rate by dilating the arterioles that deliver blood to glomeruli and by inhibiting aldosterone release.

Answer 41

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Question 42

The transfer of heat energy as electromagnetic radiation.

Answer 42

Radiation

Question 43

The transfer of heat from a body to a fluid, such as air or water, that passes over its surface.

Answer 43

Convection

Question 44

An animal that obtains its body heat primarily from the external environment.

Answer 44

Ectotherms

Question 45

Heat transfer through the energy required to change a liquid to a gas.

Answer 45

Evaporation

Question 46

An animal that obtains most of its body heat from internal physiological sources.

Answer 46

Endotherms

Question 47

A set of physiological changes in ectoderm’s in response to seasonal shifts in environmental temperature, allowing the animals to attain good physiological performances at both winter and summer temperatures.

Answer 47

Thermal acclimatization

Question 48

The temperature within the central core of the body consisting of the abdominal and thoracic organs, the CNS, and the skeletal muscle.

Answer 48

Core temperature

Question 49

The generation of heat by oxidative mechanisms in non muscle tissue throughout the body.

Answer 49

Non shivering thermogenesis

Question 50

A specialized tissue in which the most intense heat generation by non shivering thermogenesis takes place.

Answer 50

Brown fat

Question 51

A specialized tissue in which the most intense heat generation by non shivering thermogenesis takes place.

Answer 51

Brown adipose tissue

Question 52

A condition in which the core temperature falls below normal for a prolonged period

Answer 52

Hypothermia

Question 53

Seasonal torpor in an animal that occurs in summer.

Answer 53

Estivation

Question 54

The innermost layer of the skin that contains larger blood vessels and additional reinforcing connective tissue.

Answer 54

Hypodermis

Question 55

Extended torpor during winter.

Answer 55

Hibernation

Question 56

The condition resulting when the heat gain of the body is too great to be counteracted by physiological responses.

Answer 56

Hyperthermia

Question 57

The skin layer below the epidermis; it is packed with connective tissue fibers such as collagen, which resist compression, tearing, or puncture of the skin.

Answer 57

Dermis

Question 58

A sleep like state produced when a lowered set point greatly reduces the energy required to maintain body temperature, accompanied by reductions in metabolic, nervous, and physical activity.

Answer 58

Torpor

Question 59

A period of inactivity and lowered metabolic rate that allows an endotherm to conserve energy when environmental temperatures are low.

Answer 59

Daily torpor