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Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal & external forces acting on the human body & the effects produced by these forces; “sports biomechanics”

Helps to better predict performance in athletic events

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2
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above a point of reference

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below a point of reference

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

“The knee is more proximal to the hip than the ankle”

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5
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or point of referance

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6
Q

Anterior (or Ventral)

A

On the front of the body

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7
Q

Posterior (or Dorsal)

A

On the back of the body

“The hamstring complex is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh”

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8
Q

Medial

A

Positioned near the middle of the body

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Positioned toward the outside of the body

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body

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12
Q

What are the 3 dimensions used to describe human movement?

A

Sagittal; Frontal; Transverse

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13
Q

Anatomic Position

A

The position of the body erect with the arms at the sides & the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Terms like anterior/posterior, lateral etc. apply to the body in this position

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14
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left & right halves

Flexion/Extension motion; Coronal axis

Biceps curl, Triceps pushdown, Squat, Front lunge, Cal raise, Walking, Running, Vertical jumping & Climbing stairs

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15
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases

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16
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments increases

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17
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

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18
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front & back halves

Adduction/Abduction, Lateral Flexion, Eversion/Inversion; Anterior-posterior axis

Side lateral raise, Side lunge, Side shuffle

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19
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body; protraction

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20
Q

Adduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body; retraction

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21
Q

Transverse Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top & bottom halves

Internal rotation, External rotation, left/right rotation, Horizontal adduction, Horizontal abduction
Longitudinal axis

Trunk rotation, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat

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22
Q

Internal Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

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23
Q

External Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

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24
Q

Horizontal Abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

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25
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
26
Scapular Retraction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
27
Scapular Protraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
28
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
29
What are the 3 primary types of muscle actions?
1. Isotonic - constant muscle tension 2. Isometric - constant muscle length 3. Isokinetic - constant velocity of motion
30
What do the following prefixes mean? ISO; TONIC; METRIC; KINETIC
ISO - same or equal; eccentric & concentric TONIC - tension METRIC - length KINETIC - motion
31
What happens in an ISOTONIC muscle contraction
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed & movement occurs through a given range of motion
32
Eccentric Muscle Action
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening Synonymous with deceleration
33
Concentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle Synonymous with acceleration
34
Muscle Action Spectrum
Isotonic- force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion Eccentric - Moving in the same direction as the resistance; decelerates or reduces force Concentric - moving in opposite direction of force; accelerates or produces force Isometric Isokinetic
35
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length No visible movement with or against resistance Dynamically stabilizes forces
36
Isokinetic Muscle Action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories
37
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
38
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length *think "actin-myosin filaments in the sarcomere have the greatest degree of overlap"
39
Force-velocity curve
Refers to the relationship of muscle's ability to produce tension of differing shortening velocities
40
Force couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
41
Common Force-couples
1. Internal & External Obliques - Trunk rotation 2. Upper trapezius & the lower portion of the serratus anterior - upward rotation of the scapula 3. Gluteus maximus, quadriceps, & calf muscles - Produce hip & knee extension during walking, running, stair climbing, etc. 4. Gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior - Performing plantar flexion at the foot and ankle complex 5. Deltoid & rotator cuff - Performing shoulder abduction
42
How many classes of levers are there?
1. First - fulcrum (pivot point) in the middle Ex) Head nod 2. Second - resistance is in the middle Ex) Calf raise 3. Third - effort is placed between the resistance and the fulcrum Ex) Human forearm
43
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones around the joint
44
Torque
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm
45
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal & external environmental stimuli MB --- Motor control; Motor learning; Motor development
46
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal & external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
47
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice & experience, leading to a relative permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
48
Motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
49
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
50
Sensorimotor Integration
The cooperation of the nervous system & muscular system in gathering and interpreting information & executing movement *important for proper personal training; incorrect information from proprioception creates incorrect form which leads to injury
51
What are common muscle synergies?
Squat - Quadriceps, hamstring complex, gluteus maximus Shoulder press - Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius
52
Feedback
The use of sensory information & sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning 2 TYPES Internal feedback External feedback
53
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health & fitness professional, videotape, mirror or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment *Knowledge of results & knowledge of performance
54
Internal feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement & the environment
55
As the velocity of a muscle contraction increases, the ability to produce force decreases for which part of the muscle action spectrum?
Concentric
56
What refers to a position on the same side of the body?
Proximal
57
Lateral view - checkpoint LPHC
Compensation A - Excessive forward lean B - Low back arches Probable Overactive Muscles A - Soleus, gastrocnemius, hip flexor complex, abdominal complex B - Hip flexor complex, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi Probably Underactive Muscles A - Anterior tibialis, gluteus maximus, erector spinae B - Gluteus maximus, Hamstring complex, Intrinsic core stabilizers
58
Lateral view - checkpoint Upper Body
Compensation A - Arms fall forward Probable Overactive Muscles A - Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Pectoralis major/minor Probably Underactive Muscles A - Mid/lower trapezius, rhomboids, rotator cuff
59
Anterior view - checkpoint Feet
Compensation A - Turn out Probable Overactive Muscles A - Soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, biceps femoris (short head) Probably Underactive Muscles A - Medial gastrocnemius, medial hamstring complex, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus
60
Anterior view - checkpoint Knees
Compensation A - Move inward Probable Overactive Muscles A - Adductor complex, biceps femoris (short head), TFL, vastus lateralis Probably Underactive Muscles A - Gluteus medius/macimus, vastus medialis oblique (VMO)

NASM (22 decks)

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