Chapter 5 Flashcards by Antigone Alexander

What are the four main classes of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates,
Proteins,
Lipids,
Nucleic Acids

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What are the components of the four main macromolucles?

Proteins - Amino Acids
Lipids - Fatty acids and Glycerol
Carbohydrates- Glucose
Nucleic acid- Nucleotides

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What is a polymer?
Monomer?
What is polymerization?

Polymer is a long chain of small similar repeating units connected in a chain by covalent bonding
Monomers- small building blocks of polymers.
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers to form a polymer.

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Is water consumed or expelled in polymerization?

What functional groups do bonds form between to give out water?

Water is created or expelled

Forms between a hydroxyl group and hydrogen molecule give out water.

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When a polymer is broken down is water consumed or expelled? What is this reaction called?

Water is consumed

hydrolysis

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General molecular formula for carbs

CH2O

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Three trademarks of sugar?

Carbonyl group
Multiple hydroxyl groups
-ose suffix= sugar

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Are Glucose and galactose Aldehydes or ketones?

What about fructose?

Glucose and galactose = Aldose

Fructose = ketone.

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What is the difference of aldehyde sugars and ketone sugars?

Aldehydes have functional group at the end of the carbon skeleton.
Ketoses have functional groups in the middle or along the carbon skeleton.

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Where is the location of the hydroxyl group(-OH) in relation of plane with ALPHA and BETA glucose?

Alpha the -OH is below the plane of ring

Beta he -OH is above the plane of ring

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What bond is made between polysaccarides?

Glycosidic Linkages

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What are Oligosaccharides? Why are they important and give two types.

Carb molecules with 3-10 monomers linked together.
Important components of cell membranes
Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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Give the two types of polysaccharides.
What are starch and glycogen- where are they stored?
What are cellulose and chitin- where are they found?

Energy and structural
Starch and glycogen are energy- starch in plants and glycogen in animals
Cellulose and chitin are structral polysacc- Found both in plants and fungi

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Are starch and glycogen alpha or beta?

What about cellulose and chitin?

starch and glycogen are alpha

cellulose and chitin are beta

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Why are lipids not considered marcomolecules or polymers?

Not large enough and no distinct monomers

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Name the three main types of lipid

Phosolipids
fats
steroids

What are fats linked together by?

ester linkages

What makes a fat

three fatty acids and a glycerol

What does saturated and unsaturated fats mean?

Saturated means no c=c double bonds and all carbons are saturated with hydrogen bonds.
Unsaturated means there is a presence of a c=c bond

what is hydrogenation?

The process of adding hydrogens to unsat fat to make sat fat

Decribe the structure of phospholipids.

two fatty acids,

phosphate containing group

What is the base steroid

cholesterol

Each amino acid has the same core structure- what are the composits of it?

Carboxyl group
amino group
hydrogen atom
side (R) group

what are the three classes of amino acid side group?

non-polar
polar
electrically charged - Acidic (-) and basic(+)

What bond holds aminos together?

Peptide bond

give the types of isomers

structural cis trans enantiomers

name the nonpolar amino acids(9)

``` Glycine alanine valine methionine phenylalanine tryptophan leucine isoleucine proline ```

name the polar amino acids

``` serine threonine tyrosine asparagine Cysteine glutamine ```

Name the acidic negative charged amino acids | name the basic postive charged amino acids

Aspartic acid glutamic acid lysine arginine histidine

Peptide bond: what enzyme is it performed by? | what are the terminus called?

Ribosome | amino terminus and carboxyl terminus

Describe the four structures of proteins

primary- the amino acid sequence. DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN. everything depnds on this level Secondary-hydrogen bonding between the aa peptie backbone (alpha helix and beta sheet) ``` Tertiary- the shape the polypeptide takes based on R group interactions : H-bonding ionic bonding disulfide bridges hydrophobic van der waals ``` Quarternary - interaction of multiple polypeptides to from one functional protein

what are the 2 major protein classifications?

Globular proteins | fibrous proteins

give 6 protein functions

``` metabolic function messaging function transport function structure function movement or motor function defense function ```

What are the two types of nucleic acids? what does DNA act as? what does RNA act as?

DNA and RNA DNA acts as the storage or vault of genetic information RNA is the expression of genetic information

What is the central dogma of molecular bio?

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEINS

What are the three parts that make a nucleotide

a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar (-H in DNA and -OH in RNA) nitrogenous base made up of one or two ring structures.

What are purines and pyrimidines out of A, G, C, T, U?

pyrimidines are T C U | purines are A and G

How are nucleotides connected together? by what bond? what are the enzymes used called when nucleotides are polymerized?

the phosphate group connected to the 5'c of the sugar joins to anohter nucleotide at the 3'C of its sugar. This is called a phosphodiester bond. The enzymes used are called Polymerases.