CHAPTER 5

Question 1

EXPRERIMENTAL ABLATION

Answer 1

INVESTIGATES BRAIN FUNCTIONS BY DESTROYING PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND EVALUATING THE ANIMALS BEHAVIOR

Question 2

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION (LESION STUDIES)?

Answer 2

1. UNDERSTAND HOW RTHE FUNCTIONS ARE COMBINED TO DO CERTAIN BEHAVIOURS
2. DISCOVER WHAT FUNCTIONS ARE PERFORMED BY DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS

Question 3

LESION

Answer 3

A WOUND INJURY

Question 4

IS ONE BRAIN REGION RESPONSIBLE FOR A BEHAVIOUR?

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

HOW ARE BRAIN LESIONS PRODUCED?

Answer 5

1. PRODUCED BY PASSING ELECTRICAL CURRENT
2. WIRE IS GUIDED TO A PRECISE LOCATION IN THE BRAIN
3. LESION DEVICE IS ACTIVATED THAT PRODUCES A RADIO FREQUENCY CURRENT
4. RF CURRENT THROUGH THE BRAIN TISSUE, PRODUCES HEAT KILLING CELLS IN REGION SURROUNDING THE TIP OF ELECTRODE
5. DESTROYS NEARBY CELL BODIES, AXONS AND TERMINALS

Question 6

EXCITATORY LESION

Answer 6

BRAIN LESION THAT PRODUCES EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TO A REGION OF BRAIN

Question 7

WHAT DO EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS DO?

Answer 7

CHEMICAL DESTROYS NEURAL CELL BODIES IN VICINITY BUT NOT AXONS THAT BELONG TO DIFFERENT NEURONS THAT NEARBY

Question 8

WHY DO EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS HELP?

Answer 8

HELPS RESEARCHERS DETERMINE IF BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF DESTROYING A PARTICULAR BRAIN STRUCTURE ARE CAUSED BY DEATH OF NEURON LOCATED THERE OR THE DESTRUCTION OF AXONS PASSING NEARBY

Question 9

SHAM LESIONS

Answer 9

PLACEBO PROCEDURE. DOES EVERY STEP BUT PRODUCING A BRAIN LESION

Question 10

HOW IS A SHAM LESION EXECUTED?

Answer 10

1. ANESTHETIZE EACH ANIMAL
2. INSERT ELECTRODE OR CANNULA LOWER IT TO PROPER DEPTH
3. DOES NOT TURN ON LESION MAKER

Question 11

CAN LESIONS BE ONLY TEMPORARY

Answer 11

NO. ALL LESIONS CAN BE PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY

Question 12

STEREOTAXIC SURGERY

Answer 12

SURGERY USING STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS TO POSITION AN ELECTRODE OR CANNULA IN A SPECIFIED POSITION OF BRAIN

Question 13

STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS

Answer 13

DEVICE HELPS POSITION AN ELECTRODE OR CANNULA

Question 14

STEREOTAXIC ATLAS

Answer 14

IMAGES THAT CORRESPOND TO FRONTAL SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN TAKEN AT VARIOUS DISTANCES

Question 15

BREGMA

Answer 15

The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery.

Question 16

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

Answer 16

USING STEREOTAXIC SURGERY TO IMPLANT A PERMANENT ELECTRODE IN THE BRAIN.

ELECTRICAL CURRENT IS USED TO STIMULATE BRAIN REGIONS AND REDUCE SYMPTOMS

USED TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN, DEPRESSION. PARKINSON’S DISEASE, EPILEPSY, DEPRESSION, OCD

Question 17

HISTOLOGICAL METHODS

Answer 17

THE PROCESS OF HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

Question 18

FIXATIVE

Answer 18

CHEMICAL(I.E. FORMALIN) USED TO PREPARE AND PRESERVE BODY TISSUE

Question 19

FORMALIN

Answer 19

AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF FORMALDEHYDE GAS, MOST COMMONLY USED TISSUE FIXATIVE

LINKS WITH PROTEINS TO STRENGTHEN FRAGILE BRAIN TISSUE AND KILLS ANY MICROORGANISMS THAT TRY TO DESTROY IT.

Question 20

TO PREVENT DECOMPOSITION FROM BACTERIA AND MOLD WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

Answer 20

NEURAL TISSUES IS PLACED IN A FIXATIVE. THEN IR BECOMES “FIXED”

Question 21

MICROTOME

Answer 21

AN INSTRUMENT THAT PRODUCES VERY THIN SLICES OF BODY TISSUES

Question 22

CRYOSTAT

Answer 22

AN INSTRUMENT THAT PRODUCES VERY THIN SLICES OF BODY TISSUE INSIDE A FREEZER CHAMBER

Question 23

CELL-BODY STAIN

Answer 23

MOST SIMPLE USED STAIN TO VERIFY LOCATION OF BRAIN LESION

Question 24

DYE THAT STAIN CELL BODIES

Answer 24

METHYLENE BLUE AND CRESYL VIOLET

Question 25

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL METHOD

Answer 25

HISTOLOGICAL METHOD THAT USES RADIOACTIVE ANTIBODIES OR ANTIBODIES BOUND WITH A DYE MOLECULE TO INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF PARTICULAR PROTEINS OF PEPTIDES

Question 26

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Answer 26

A MICROSCOPE THAT PASSES A FOCUSED BEAM OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THIN SLICES OF TISSUE TO REVEAL EXTREMELY SMALL DETAILS ( CELL ORGANELLES, SYNAPTIC VESICLES ETC)

Question 27

SCANNING ELECTRON MISCROSCOPE

Answer 27

MICROSCOPE THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION ON STRUCTURES IN 3D

Question 28

CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

Answer 28

MICROSCOPE THAT PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGES OF VARIOUS DEPTHS OF THICK TISSUE THAT CONTAINS FLUORESCENT MOLECULES BY SCANNING THE TISSUE WITH LIGHT FROM A LASER BEAM

Question 29

ELECTRON PHOTOMICROGRAPH

Answer 29

PHOTOGRAPHED OR SCANNED INTO A COMPUTER. PROVIDES INFO ABOUT STRUCTURAL DETAILS ON THE ORDER OF A FEW TENS OF NANOMETERS

Question 30

ANTEROGRADE LABELING METHOD (MOVING FORWARDS)

Answer 30

HISTOLOGICAL METHOD THAT LABELS THE AXONS AND TERMINAL BUTTONS OF NEURONS WHOSE CELL BODIES ARE LOCATED IN A PARTICULAR REGION. CHEMICAL ARE TAKEN UP BY DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES ALL THE WAY TO TERMINAL BUTTONS

Question 31

RETROGRADE LABELING METHOD (MOVING BACKWARD)

Answer 31

EMPLOYS CHEMICAL TAKEN UP BY TERMINAL BUTTONS AND CARRIED BACKWARDS THROUGH AXONS TOWARD CELL BODIES

Question 32

TRANSNEURAL TRACING METHODS

Answer 32

IDENTIFIES A SERIES OF NEURONS THAT FORM SERIAL SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER, EITHER IN ANTEROGRADE OR RETROGRADE DIRECTION INVOLVES INFECTING SPECIFIC NEURONS WITH WEAKENED FORMS OF RABIES OR HERPES VIRUSES

Question 33

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCANS)

Answer 33

employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of x-rays to produce a two dimensional picture of a "slice" through the brain

Question 34

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI SCAN)

Answer 34

A TECHNIQUE WHERE THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY CAN BE ACCURATELY IMAGED ; INVOLVES INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIO WAVES AND STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD

Question 35

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Answer 35

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