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Z A&P I Chapters 5-6 Study Guide > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of intracellular junctions?

A

Tight junction, desmosome, and gap junction

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2
Q

Describe a tight junction?

A

When the membranes of adjacent cells merge and fuse such as those of the digestive tract and blood vessels

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3
Q

Describe a desmosome?

A

When cells connect via rivets/spot welds such as skin cells

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4
Q

Describe a gap junction?

A

Cells that are connected by tubular channels such as those of the heart muscle and some of muscle of the digestive tract

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5
Q

What are 3 the types of epithelial tissue by shape?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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6
Q

Describe squamous epithelial tissue?

A

Flattened, irregular, & scale-like cells

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7
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Cubed shaped cells

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8
Q

Describe columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Rectangular cells

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9
Q

Types of epithelial tissue by arrangement?

A

Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified

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10
Q

Describe simple epithelial tissue?

A

One layer thick

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11
Q

Describe stratified epithelial tissue?

A

More than one layer thick

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12
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

A

Appears to be more than one layer, but all the cells reach the basement membrane

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13
Q

What are the 7 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Cover
Line
Protect
Absorb
Secrete
Filter
Diffuse

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14
Q

What are the 6 characteristics that epithelial tissues have in common?

A

Basement membrane
Rapidly dividing
Avascular
Sides joined by junctional desmosomes
Minimal matrix-cells tightly packed together
Apical surface

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15
Q

Function and location of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Diffusion and filtration as in the air sacs of the lungs and the walls of capillaries

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16
Q

Function and location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Lines follicles of the thyroid gland, covers ovaries, and lines kidney tubules and ducts where it faces the lumen

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17
Q

Two types of simple columnar epithelium?

A

CIliated and non-ciliated

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18
Q

Function and location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lines uterine tube where it moves oocyte to the uterus

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19
Q

Function and location of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Secretes digestive fluid and absorbs nutrients in the digestive tract

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20
Q

Function and location and pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Commonly have cilia so they can move mucus and captured particles up and out of airways in the passages of the respiratory system

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21
Q

Function and location stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Form outer layer of skin and line oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

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22
Q

Function and location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Lines the ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

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23
Q

Function and location stratified columnar epithelium?

A

lines large ducts of exocrine glands and lines male urethra

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24
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

Specialized flask-shaped epithelial cell scattered among simple columnar epithelium specialized to secrete mucin which forms mucous

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25
Describe cilia and their function?
Sensory organs that provide movement for substances outside the cell
26
What is the role of cilia in simple columnar epithelium?
Move oocyte through the uterine tube
27
Describe microvilli and their function?
Cylindrical processes that increase the surface area of the cell membranes where it is exposed to substances being absorbed
28
Describe the keratinization process?
In stratified squamous epithelium older cells push outward. During this, they accumulate proteins called keratins. Then the cells harden and die. This produces a tough, dry, protective material. Process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate outward
29
What is glandular epithelium?
Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. Usually found within columnar or cuboidal epithelium.
30
Two major types of glandular epithelium?
Exocrine and endocrine
31
Three types of exocrine glands?
Merocrine/eccrine glands, apocrine glands, and holocrine glands
32
What products do eccrine/merocrine glands secrete?
Secrete fluid products via exocytosis
33
What products do apocrine glands secrete?
Glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell body
34
What products do holocrine glands secrete?
Release entire cells
35
What are the three cell types of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages
36
Describe fibroblasts?
A type of fixed cell that is large and star-shaped Helps to repair tissue with poor ability to regenerate (i.e. heart) and respond to injury by increasing in number and fiber production
37
Describe mast cells?
A type of fixed cell that resides near blood vessels They release heparin which prevents blood clotting and release histamine which stimulates inflammation
38
Describe macrophages?
A type of wandering cell that originates as a white blood cell They are scavenger cells that perform phagocytosis to clear foreign particles
39
What are the three types of CT fibers?
Collagen, elastic, and reticular
40
Describe collagen fibers?
The strongest and most abundent type of fiber that provides high tensile strength
41
Describe elastic fibers?
Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
42
Describe reticular fibers?
Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers with different chemistry than collagen fibers that form supportive networks that offer "give"
43
What is the difference between "blast" cells and "cyte" cells?
Blast cells are immature (baby) cells that are mitotically active and secrete ground substance and fibers Cyte cells are mature and maintain matrix
44
What are the different cells in CT?
Fibro (CT proper), Chondro (cartilage), and Osteo (bone)
45
Chondrocytes vs chondroblasts?
Chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells that perform maintenance while chondroblast are immature cells that secrete extracellular matrix
46
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage
47
Describe hyaline cartilage?
Most common type of cartilage found on the ends of bones in joints and throughout the skeleton Chondrocytes in spaces called lacunae with invisible fibers present
48
Describe elastic cartilage?
Provides the framework for external ears and parts of the larynx Chrondrocytes in spaces called lacunae with visible elastic fibers
49
Describe fibrocartilage?
A very tough tissue that acts as a shock absorber with many collagen fibers Chondrocytes in lacunae with visible dense collagen fibers
50
Describe the structure of compact bone?
Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix in layers called lamellae (rings of a tree). These layers form concentric patterns around longitudinal tubes called the central/Haversian canal which contain blood vessels. Osteocytes (osteoblast trapped in lacunae) are evenly spaced throughout the lamellae. Osteocytes are connected by canaliculi so nutrients can pass through. All this forms a cylindrical unit called an osteon which is the functional unit of compact bone.
51
Describe the structure of spongy bone?
Consists of branching plates called trabeculae which is bone matrix deposited around osteocytes connecting them
52
How does connective tissue help in immunity?
White blood cells, which are a type of connective tissue, are wondering cells that pass through capillaries and attack unknown substances throughout the body. (Phagocytosis)
53
What are the epithelial membranes?
Cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial
54
Describe the cutaneous membrane?
The skin
55
Describe the mucous membrane?
Lines cavitites and tubes that open to the outside of the body such as the oral and nasal cavities, and the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
56
Describe the serous membrane?
A membrane that lines body cavities that do not open to the outside. They reduce friction between organs and cavity walls by secreting a watery serous fluid. Made up simple squamous and areolar tissue.
57
What are the different serous membranes?
Parietal pleura-lines the thorax Parietal peritoneum-lines the abdomen Visceral pleura-lines organs in the thorax Visceral peritoneum-lines organs in the abdomen
58
Describe the synovial membrane?
Composed of connective tissue that lines joints
59
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
60
Describe skeletal muscle?
Multinucleated cell made of long, non-branching, striated fibers Attached to the skeleton for voluntary movement
61
Describe cardiac muscle?
Branching, striated cells joined by intercalated discs and with a centrally located nucleous Makes up the wall of the heart and is involuntary
62
Describe smooth muscle?
Smooth, non-striated, elngated, spindle shaped cells witha centrally located nucleus Makes up the walls of internal organs and blood vessels and is invuluntary
63
What is the function of nerve tissue?
Able to detect changes in the environment and initiate responses
64
What are the two catagories of nerve tissue?
Neurons and neuroglia
65
Describe neurons?
A nerve cell or conducting cell
66
Describe neuroglia?
Protective and suppoting cells
67
What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS?
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cell
68
What athe the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS?
Satellite cell (ganglionic gliocyte) Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte)
69
3 funcitons of astrocytes?
Support, ionic buffering, and blood-brain-barrier
70
Function of oligodendrocytes?
Form myelin
71
Function of microglia?
Phagocytes cellular debris
72
Function of ependymal cell?
Line ventricles
73
Characteristic of ependymal cell?
ciliated
74
Function of satellite cells?
Support
75
Function of Schwan cells?
Form myelin

Z A&P I Chapters 5-6 Study Guide (2 decks)

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