Chapter 5

Question 1

The bond between two sugar molecules is called what?

Answer 1

Glycosidic linkage (they are named based on where they & how they are linked)

Question 2

The hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides is favored _________________

Answer 2

Thermodynamically

Question 3

Enzymes that are used in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides are named how?

Answer 3

Based on the sugar that they hydrolyze (ex. Maltase breaks maltose into two glucose)

Question 4

Humans & other mammals can’t break down Beta linkages but we can break down lactose due to the enzyme __________ which can digest lactose

Answer 4

Lactase

Question 5

The oxidation of glucose is accompanied by what?

Answer 5

NAD+ & FAD where during redox reactions they form NADH & FADH2

Question 6

__________ is required for activation of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin & _______ can associate with a protein to become a flavoprotein

Answer 6

NAD+, FAD

Question 7

What is the 4- step process that is used to oxidize glucose?

Answer 7

1. Glycolysis
2. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)
3. The Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

In _____________ (glucose splitting) the glucose is partially oxidized while it is spilt in half into two identical pyruvic acid molecules

Answer 8

Glycolysis

Question 9

Glycolysis occurs in the ____________ & does require oxygen

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

In PDC the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is decarboxylated to form an _________ group where that group is then attached to coenzyme A which carries it into the Krebs cycle (small amounts of NADH is produced)

Answer 10

Acetyl group

Question 11

In the Krebs cycle (critic cycle) the acetyl group from PDC is added to oxaloacetate to form _________ acid. The PDC & Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix

Answer 11

Citric acid

Question 12

In electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation, the high energy electron carried by NADH & FADH2 is oxidized by the ____________ in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Answer 12

Electron transport chain

Question 13

In ___________ a glucose molecule is oxidized and split into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net surplus of 2 ATP(from ADP + P(i) & producing 2 NADH (from NAD+ + H+)

Answer 13

glycolysis

Question 14

What is the formula for glycolysis?

Answer 14

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2P(i) + 2NAD+ —> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O + 2H+

Question 15

Hexokinase

Answer 15

Catalyzes the first step in glycolysis, the phosphorylation of glucose to G6P. G6P feedback-inhibits hexokinase

Question 16

_________ is produced in only one step: when an aldehyde (-de) is oxidized to a COOH (-ate) (in glycolysis)

Answer 16

NADH

Question 17

_______ is converted to ADP in (in glycolysis) every time a phosphate is added to a substrate & ADP is made into ATP every time a phosphate comes off a substance

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Answer 18

Catalyzes the 3rd step which is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose -1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6bP)

Question 19

Under aerobic conditions (presence of oxygen) the pyruvate produced in glycolysis enters the PDC and Krebs cycle to be oxidized completely to ______

Answer 19

CO2

Question 20

In ___________ conditions (without oxygen) , electron transport can not function and the limited supply of NAD+ becomes entirely converted to NADH

Answer 20

Anaerobic

Question 21

Fermentation

Answer 21

Has evolved to regenerate NAD+ in anaerobic conditions thereby allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen

Question 22

Oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 22

Is a reaction in which a molecule is oxidized to release CO2 and produce NADH

Question 23

In _________________ pyruvate is changed from a 3- carbon molecule to a 2-carbon molecule while CO2 is given off and NADH is produced

Answer 23

Oxidative decarboxylation

Question 24

The PDC changes pyruvate into an activated _________ unit

Answer 24

Acetyl

Question 25

An activated Acetyl means the Acetyl attached to a carrier called _____________

Answer 25

Coenzyme A

Question 26

Prosthetic group

Answer 26

When a cofactor is very tightly or covalently bound to the enzyme

Question 27

Krebs Cycle

Answer 27

Is a group of reactions which take the 2-carbon acetyl unit from acetyl - CoA combine it with oxaloacetate & release two CO2 molecules (NADH & FADH2 are produce in the process)

Question 28

In the first stage of the Kreb cycle what happens?

Answer 28

Oxaloacetate (OAA) & acetyl-CoA react together to form citric acid (citrate)

Question 29

On stage 2 of the Krebs cycle _________ is further oxidized to release CO2 & to produce NADH from NAD+ with oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 29

Citrate

Question 30

The oxidation of glucose has created what?

Answer 30

1. 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule in glycolysis 2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase: 2 NADH per glucose (one per pyruvate) 3. Krebs cycle: 6 NADH, 2FADH2, & 2 GTP per glucose

Question 31

What are the two goals of electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 31

1. Reoxidize all the electron carriers reduced in glycolysis, PDC, and the Krebs cycle 2. Store energy in the form of ATP in the process

Question 32

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

Is the oxidation of the high energy electron carriers NADH &FADH2 coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP

Question 33

Electron - transport chain

Answer 33

Is a group of five carbon electron carriers

Question 34

ATP synthase

Answer 34

A large protein complex which contains a proton channel that spans the inner membrane

Question 35

The committed step in glycolysis

Answer 35

The conversion of F6P to F1, 6bP with the PFK enzyme is the first committed step in glycolysis

Question 36

The two goals of electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation are what?

Answer 36

1. Reoxidize all the electron carriers reduced in glycolysis, PDC, & the krebs cycle 2. Store energy in the form of ATP in the process

Question 37

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 37

Is the oxidation of the high-energy electron carrier NADH & FADH2 coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Question 38

The electron-transport chain

Answer 38

Is a group of five electron carriers

Question 39

Beta linkages is when the oxygen on carbon one is ________ & alpha linkage is when its ________

Answer 39

Up, down

Question 40

The enzyme used in the hydrolysis of linkages are named by the ___________ they hydrolyze

Answer 40

sugar

Question 41

Glycolysis produces what?

Answer 41

2 pyruvate molecules , ATP, & NADH (doesn't require oxygen)

Question 42

________ is however need for the first few steps o f glycolysis

Answer 42

ATP

Question 43

Fermentation

Answer 43

Regenerates NAD+ in anaerobic conditions so that glycolysis can continue in anaerobic conditions (pyruvate turning into lactate)

Question 44

Excess lactate build goes through the _________ cycle

Answer 44

Cori

Question 45

The energy released through oxidation of NADH & FADH2 by the electron transport chain (source of energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP) is used to pump out of the _______________ & into the intermembrane space

Answer 45

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 46

The electron-transport chain is a group of ______ large electron carriers & each member reduces the next member down the line (& some small molecules)

Answer 46

5

Question 47

The 1st large carrier in the electron transport chain is _____________________________

Answer 47

NADH dehydrogenase (coenzyme Q reductase)

Question 48

NADH dehydrogenase passes its electron to ___________________________

Answer 48

Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) (not part of the 5 large member its a small one)

Question 49

Ubiquinone passes its electron to ___________________________ (small molecule) where it passes its electron to ___________________________ (large member) where it then passes its to the last member which is _____________________ (large member)

Answer 49

Cytochrome C reductase, Cytochrome C, Cytochrome C oxidase

Question 50

The end product of the electron transport chain is ________

Answer 50

H2O (Cytochrome passes its electrons to O2reducing it to H2O)

Question 51

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) diverts glucose 6 phosphate from glycolysis to form _________________, ribose 5-phosphate, & glycolytic intermediates

Answer 51

NADPH

Question 52

The first enzyme in the PPP is _____________________________ & its the primary point of regulation

Answer 52

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)

Question 53

In the PPP its product NADPH acts via ______________ feedback to inhibit G6PDH

Answer 53

Negative