Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the 3 ways to classify carbohydrate monosaccharides?

Answer 1

1. based on the location of the carbonyl and # of carbon atoms
2. spatial arrangement of their atoms (isomers)
3. linear and ring forms

Question 2

Aldose vs ketose

Answer 2

aldose: carbonyl group at the END of carbon chain
ketose: carbonyl group in the MIDDLE of carbon chain

Question 3

Is glucose an aldose or ketose?

Answer 3

aldose

Question 4

Is fructose an aldose or ketose?

Answer 4

ketose

Question 5

Triose vs pentose vs hexose

Answer 5

triose: 3 carbons
pentose: 5
hexose: 6

Question 6

How do you determine glucose vs galactose based on structure?

Answer 6

glucose: OH attached to the 4’ carbon points diagonally UP right
galactose: OH attached to the 4’ carbon points diagonally DOWN right

Question 7

sugars typically form ring structures in ______ solutions

Answer 7

aqueous

Question 8

ring structures contain an ______ carbon

Answer 8

anomeric

Question 9

What is the difference in alpha and beta linkages?

Answer 9

alpha: OH points away from CH2OH
beta: OH points towards CH2OH

Question 10

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 10

two monosaccharides linked together

Question 11

How do you name glycosidic linkages given carbohydrate structure?

Answer 11

check the carbon number and direction of the OH vs the CH2OH

Question 12

Starch

Answer 12

energy storage plant cells

Question 13

glycogen

Answer 13

energy storage animal cells

Question 14

glucose molecules are linked by ______ linkages

Answer 14

glycosidic

Question 15

cellulose

Answer 15

cells walls of plant/algae

Question 16

polysaccharide structure

Answer 16

parallel strands joined by H bonds (forms rigid structure and hard to hydrolyze)

Question 17

chitin

Answer 17

cell walls of arthropods/fungi/insects/crustaceans

Question 18

peptidoglycan

Answer 18

cell walls of bacteria

Question 19

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 19

structural support, cell identity, energy storage

Question 20

Why are B 1,4 linkages hard to hydrolyze?

Answer 20

most organisms lack the appropriate enzymes, strong fibers exclude water from accessing the linkages (good for digestion gives fiber)

Question 21

Where do carbs attach?

Answer 21

outside of cells

Question 22

glycoproteins

Answer 22

carbs attached to proteins

Question 23

glycolipids

Answer 23

carbs attached to lipids

Question 24

What is unique about C-C and C-H bonds?

Answer 24

they are nonpolar and have a high potential energy

Question 25

Do a glycosidic linkaged hydrolyze easily?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

phosphorylase

Answer 26

breaks down glycogen

Question 27

amylase

Answer 27

breaks down starch