chapter 5 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
___is mechanically suspended within the meninges and CSF
A
brain
2
Q
___anchors brain to skull and provides cushion
A
CSF
3
Q
simple squamous lines organs –>____
A
mesothelium
4
Q
___ cells make up the blood brain barrier. They also line blood vessels and make tight junctions/
A
endothelial cells
5
Q
from the dural folds we have falx cerebri, falx means?
A
sickle shape
6
Q
Tight junctions are increased in the blood brain barrier because?
A
you do not want leakiness in the brain, tight junctions decrease permeability of things so they can not get through.
7
Q
endothelial cells are a type of ___
A
epithelial cells
8
Q
send out feet processes onto blood vessels and also maintain the BBB
A
astrocytes
9
Q
dural sinus drains into the ___
A
internal Jugular
10
Q
what stabilizes the shape and position of the brain
A
the 3 cranial meninges
11
Q
-this decreases the effective weight of the brain from 1500g to 50g
-it flows around the brain and through ventricular space
-it allows us to do contact sports
A
cerebrospinal fluid
12
Q
what consists of the physcial protection of the brain?
A
bones of the cranium, 3 cranial meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
13
Q
___where do we enter in the foramen magnum
A
cervicomedullary junction
14
Q
- its at the base skull, in the occipital lobe
-its where the spinal cord enters into the skull
A
foramen magnum
15
Q
____contains the frontal lobe
A
anterior fossa
16
Q
__contains the temporal lobe
A
Middle Fossa
17
Q
___contains the cerebellum and brainstem
A
Posterior Fossa
18
Q
what is the substantia nigra made up of?
A
pars compacta and pars reticula
19
Q
black substance (melanin) is found where?
A
substantia nigra
20
Q
parkinsons is found in the ___
A
pars compacta
21
Q
Diencephalon is made up of hypothalamus and thalamus, which are walls of the ___
A
third ventricle
22
Q
space between brainstem and cerebellum
A
4th ventricle
23
Q
the cerebral aqueduct is made up of the
A
superior/inferior colliculi
24
Q
is where the pituitary gland develops and is encased
A
sella turcica
25
where is the auditory cortex found?
superior temporal gyrus
26
is the landmark used to verify the doctor is in precentral gyrus, it is only in about 30% if population
omega
27
the epidural space develops above the dura, below the epidural space is ____
subdural space
28
CSF flows through here, big blood vessels and bridging veins poking out
subarachnoid space
29
The Falx cerebri is stopped by the ____ so it does not go all the way into the 2nd hemisphere
corpus callosum
30
-anchor to the skull, tough Mother
-attached to the inner surface of skull
dura mater
31
-gentle mother, dips into all the sulci of brain, deals with blood vessels and follows all contours of brain
-also called tender mother, attached to the brain
pia mater
32
the middle meningeal artery enters through the ___and runs into the epidural space
foramen spinosum
33
the middle meningeal artery is a branch of the?
external carotid artery
34
what supplies the pre/post central gyrus
middle cerebral artery
35
the middle cerebral artery is a branch from the?
internal carotid artery
36
-web like matrix
-space between arachnoid nd pia is filled with CSF
arachnoid mater
37
The cranial meninges are____and ____
continuous with spinal meninges and protect the brain from cranial trauma
38
the inner fibrous layer of dura mater is called__
meningeal layer
39
outer fibrous layer of dura mater is called the___and it is fused to the ____
endosteal layer; periosteum
40
venous sinuses form between the inner fibrous layer and outer fibrous layer of the dural mater is called ___
dural sinuses
41
is known as the thick collagenous layer
dura mater
42
avascular membrane itself with arteries travelling thru that penetrate into the pia thinner/layer
arachnoid mater
43
-covers brain
-contacts epithelial layer of dura mater
arachnoid mater
44
___is between arachnoid mater and pia mater, there is CSF in this space.
subarachnoid space
45
covered by many blood vessels and attached to brain surface by astrocytes
pia mater
46
____draining CSF/blood
superior sagittal sinus
47
-bridging veins in this layer
-shaken baby syndrome blood seeps into here and forms hematoma
subdural space
48
-arteries and veins here
-hemorhage here common complaint "worst headache of my life"
-take CSF from spinal tap at L4, if blood confirms suspicion
subarachnoid space
49
___increased turbulence of blood forms and causes increase pressure, if it gets bigger can rupture
aneurysm
50
rupture at middle meningeal artery develops into ___
epidural hematoma
51
___carries CSF/blood to internal Jugular vein
venous sinus
52
-folded inner layer of dura mater
-extend into cranial cavity
-stabilize and support brain
-contain collecting veins (dural sinuses), where cerebral veins will empty
dural folds
53
what are the dural folds
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and falx cerebelli
54
-sheet like protrusions
-sickle shape
-in the corticolayer
falx cerebri
55
known as pop up tent
tentorium cerebelli
56
partially separates the cerebellum and cerebrum, does not fully separate
falx cerebelli
57
The falx cerebri projects into the ___between the cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
58
deep groove that separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain
longitudinal fissure
59
the falx cerebri contains?
superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus
60
collects blood from deeper areas of the brain
inferior sagittal sinus
61
what protects the cerebellum from the weight of the brain?
tentorium cerebelli
62
the tentorium cerebelli contains?
transverse sinus
63
divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
64
tearing of vein in dural sinus will give us___
brain bleeding hematoma
65
CSF is produced in all ventricles by the structure ___
choroid plexus
66
-surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
-interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain
CSF
67
what are the functions of CSF?
1. cushions delicate neural structures
2. supports brain
3. transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products
68
what circulates the choroid plexus?
ependymal cells
69
what is the direction of the flow of CSF
1. lateral ventricles
2. interventricular foramen of Monro
3. Third Ventricle
4. cerebral aqueduct
5. fourth ventricle
70
CSF flows ____ to ___
posterior to anterior (towards the front of the brain)
71
the cerebral aqueduct is located in the?
midbrain
72
has foramina (little holes), allows CSF to flow into the central canal of spinal cord. also contains foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie
fourth ventricle
73
the foramina of luschka is located ___
laterally
74
The foramen of Magendie is located ___
centrally
75
The ____ and ____ allows CSF to flow thru central canal and enter into subarachnoid space so CSF can go around spinal cord and then thru brain
foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie
76
membrane that seals off lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
77
the fourth ventricle is located between
pons/medulla and cerebellum
78
communicates with lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle
interventricular foramen (monro)
79
the lateral ventricle is associated with
telancephalon
80
the cerebral aqueduct is associated with?
mesencephalon
81
is the most narrow passage way and most likely place where obstruction in CSF flow will occur
cerebral aqueduct
82
one at each cerebral hemisphere, they are C shaped due to the curvature of the brain during embryonic development
lateral ventricles
83
deep in the frontal and parietal lobes of the forebrain and anatomically associated with basal ganglia (head of caudate)
anterior horn
84
the composition of CSF is similar to plasma but CSF has_____compared to plasma
lower glucose and proteins compared to plasma
85
are located along the ventricular walls secreting serotonin into the ventricular space, serotonin does not have a particular target
periventricular neurons
86
if glucose levels are lower in CSF means
bacterial meningitis
87
if glucose levels and proteins levels change in CSF means
viral meningitis
88
what are the functions of ependymal cells?
1. secrete CSF into ventricles
2. remove waste products from CSF
3. adjust composition of CSF
89
- we produce about 500 mL of CSF/day
-about 130 mLs within and around the brain and spinal cord at any given time
-about 20 mLs within ventricles, remainder in subarachnoid space
CSF
90
how many times a day do we change are CSF
3
91
-blockage creating this and expansion of ventricles
-symptoms: verbal fluency problems, comprehension problems, stumbling, balance issues
-treatment: put in shunt to drain ventricles, problem is its an invasive procedure and can introduce infections that is hard to treat bc antibiotics cant cross BBB
hydrocephalus
92
CSF circulates?
from choriod plexus, through ventricles, to central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina
93
people that have ___ have disrupted sleep, waking someone up in the middle of CSF washing plaques away
Alzheimer's
94
is to immobilize anything and remove it out of circulation that should not be there
lymphatic system function
95
CSF changes faster when we are ____
sleeping
96
if you have protein ___, big chance you get Alzheimer's, because it is not as good at washing away plaques
APOE4
97
___proteins is good at washing away plaques
APOE2
98
-extensions of subarachnoid space
-extend through dura mater to superior sagittal sinus
arachnoid villi
99
-large clusters of villi
-absorb CSF into venous circulation
arachnoid granulation
100
ventral surface of the midbrain
-space between 2 big columns called the cerebral penucles
interpeduncular cistern
101
posterior to the midbrain beneath the posterior corpus callosum and named after colliculi
quadrigeminal cistern
102
lateral to the midbrain
ambient cisterns
103
ventral to the pons
-houses the viscerally artery, made by the fusion of the vertebral arteries
-CN 6
prepontine cistern
104
largest cistern, beneath the cerebellum
cistern magna (cerebellomedullary cistern)
105
what cranial nerve?
help with accommodation reading up close, develop eye strain when accommodating too long
CN 3
106
what cranial nerve?
emerges from the pons and innervates the lateral rectus of eye
CN VI abduccens
107
The ___ is found at the foramen magnum (also known as junction point called cervical medullary junction where the spinal cord meets the brain
cistern magna
108
The cauda equina is found in the ___, this is the target of the spinal tap
Lumbar cistern
109
fold of dural tissue that partially separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres and it contains the superior sagittal sinus
Falx Cerebri
110
This separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa. The cerebellum and brain stem are associated with this region
Tentorium
111
small dural reflection that separates the cerebellum partially
Falx cerebelli
112
hydrocephalus or water on the brain may result from?
excessive production of CSF (most likely have a blockage at the cerebral aqueduct)
113
Hydrocephalus causes?
an expansion of the third and lateral ventricle
114
___ isolates neural tissue from general circulation
BBB
115
____formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries
BBB
116
at the BBB lipid soluble compounds ___, ___ and ___ can diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord
(O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins
117
compare a skull of an infant to an adult
children have fontanels, not sutures
118
___ control BBB by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium
astrocytes
119
Astrocytes can also maintain BBB by ___
phagocytosis
120
The blood-CSF barrier is formed by ___ cells
Ependymal cells
121
The ___
-surround capillaries of choriod plexus
-limits movement of compounds transferred
-allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ
blood-CSF barrier
122
what are the four breaks in the BBB
1. portions of hypothalamus
2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland
3. pineal gland
4. choriod plexus
123
secrete hypothalamic hormones and stimulate pituitary
portions of hypothalamus
124
secretes ADH and oxytocin
posterior lobe of pituitary gland
125
-vasopressin, retains water and has aquaporin channels
-retain too much water you get edema
ADH
126
pineal secretions (melatonin)
pineal gland
127
where special ependymal cells maintain Blood-CSF barrier
choroid plexus
128
technique that injects microbubbles
-leads to temporary break in BBB
-allows targeting delivery drugs
-risk potential infection or BBB may not regenerate, keeps blood in leading to hemorrhagic stroke
high frequency ultrasound
129
might have neuroendocrine functions
organum vasculosum
130
regulation and release of pituitary hormones
-break at hypothalamus
median eminence
131
unknown function
sub commissural organ
132
chemotactic trigger zone involved in detecting toxins that cause vomitting
area postrema
133
specialized brain regions where the BBB is interrupted to allow the brain to respond to changes in the chemical environment and secrete modulatory neuropeptides into the bloodstream
circumventricular organs
134
-meninges stabilize brain in cranial cavity
-CSF protects against sudden movement
-CSF provides nutrients and removes waste
BBB
135
selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function
BBB and blood-CSF barrier
136
-microglia and astrocytes are present
-TNF2
-Mg blocks NMDA Ca and Na can pass and glutamate binds
-contrast agent is leaky
stroke increases inflammation
