Chapter 5

Question 1

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____.

Answer 1

Optic Chiasm

Question 2

Brittanie has had damage to the dorsal stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with _____.

Answer 2

describing what is seen

Question 3

Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for ____.

Answer 3

the first month of life

Question 4

Corrie is studying for a quiz on the rods and cones. She writes in her notes that _____ are more ______

Answer 4

rods; sensitive to dim light

Question 5

Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?

Answer 5

Opponent-process theory

Question 6

Parker consciously experiences “seeing” something when the information reaches _____.

Answer 6

V1

Question 7

Melba is one of the unique individuals that has 4 kinds of cones. What is not true about Melba?

Answer 7

She has two forms of the short-wavelength cone

Question 8

The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.

Answer 8

to area V2

Question 9

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____.

Answer 9

primary visual cortex

Question 10

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____

Answer 10

photopigments

Question 11

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

Answer 11

Opsins; photopigments

Question 12

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.

Answer 12

pupil

Question 13

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.

Answer 13

which neurons are active

Question 14

Daryl is studying for a quiz on the visual system. He records in his notes that axons from the _____ project to the ____ of the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

LGN; occipital lobe

Question 15

Professor Hancock is giving a lecture about peripheral vision. Which is the most likely to say?

Answer 15

It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.

Question 16

The opponent-process theory explains why Dania’s dress still looks blue even after she dims the lights.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?

Answer 17

Complex

Question 18

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.

Answer 18

integrating vision with action

Question 19

In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____.

Answer 19

recognizing different kinds of plants and animals

Question 20

The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.

Answer 21

have strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

Question 22

The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.

Answer 22

tri-chromatic

Question 23

Lynn was developing film in a room with red light. When she came out of the room, everything looked a little green for a while. Which theory explains why this is happening to her?

Answer 23

Opponent-process theory

Question 24

The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.

Answer 24

have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina

Question 25

In order to be able to see things in her periphery, Pauline’s _____ need to be activated

Answer 25

rods

Question 26

Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

Answer 26

Inferior temporal cortex

Question 27

Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?

Answer 27

Retinex Theory

Question 28

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____.

Answer 28

a greater rod to cone ratio

Question 29

Professor Utz is giving a talk about how the eye processes light. He tells the class that once the bipolar cells receive input from ______, they send the message on to ______.

Answer 29

photoreceptors; ganglion cells

Question 30

A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.

Answer 30

recognize visual objects

Question 31

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?

Answer 31

Three kinds of cones

Question 32

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.

Answer 32

thalamus

Question 33

The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.

Answer 33

receptive field

Question 34

When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.

Answer 34

speed and direction of movement

Question 35

According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors

Answer 35

False

Question 36

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

Answer 36

receptor cells; bipolar cells; ganglion cells

Question 37

An object’s location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Tori has suffered damage to her magnocellular pathway. Now, she has problems with _____.

Answer 38

seeing things in motion

Question 39

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

Answer 39

Complex

Question 40

Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns

Answer 40

False

Question 41

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.

Answer 41

repeating stripes on a flag

Question 42

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?

Answer 42

the fovea

Question 43

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?

Answer 43

Bar in a particular orientation

Question 44

The Decarlos just had a new baby. Their baby is more likely to pay attention to ____ than anything else at this time

Answer 44

Faces

Question 45

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

Answer 45

Horizontal cells

Question 46

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.

Answer 46

integrating vision with action

Question 47

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.

Answer 47

left eye

Question 48

The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.

Answer 48

receptive field

Question 49

Astigmatism refers to the ____.

Answer 49

asymmetric curvature of eyes

Question 50

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision

Answer 50

retinex

Question 51

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape’s ____.

Answer 51

mirror-reversal

Question 52

To see something with her best vision, Lore turned to look directly at it. This was so she could use her foveal vision.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.

Answer 53

relative activity if short, medium, and ling wavelengths

Question 54

An object’s location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.

Answer 55

dorsal stream

Question 56

Cells in the magnocellular path are color insensitive, therefore _____ is also color insensitive.

Answer 56

MT

Question 57

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

Answer 57

Dressing themselves

Question 58

Laurence is able to drive his car within a lane since he can clearly see the lines and edge of the road. His nervous system enhances his ability to see edges by ______.

Answer 58

an illusion created in the retina called lateral inhibition

Question 59

Noella is a makeup artist and is very good at using makeup to create fine details to create a visual effect (ex. making a person look older). As she works, her ______ cells help her to see the details.

Answer 59

parvocellular

Question 60

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.

Answer 60

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual fiels with that of the others

Question 61

Wanetta has had damage to the ventral stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with _____.

Answer 61

the ability to describe the shape or size of an object

Question 62

Cecelia doesn’t fall going down stairs because she can clearly see the edge of each step as a result of lateral inhibition.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

What is strabismus?

Answer 63

A failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time

Question 64

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

Answer 64

amacrine cells

Question 65

Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

JC is looking at something located to his right (meaning it is within his right visual field). Where would that light hit his retina?

Answer 66

On the left half

Question 67

The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object’s shape on the surface of the cortex.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____.

Answer 68

brightness and color

Question 69

In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.

Answer 69

to bipolar cells within the retina

Question 70

When Ileen sees something that looks like a face, she has had activation of her _____.

Answer 70

fusiform gyrus

Question 71

Photopigments are stable in the dark.

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____.

Answer 72

movement

Question 73

In the back of each of Teresita’s eyes, the axons of her ganglion cells all leave in one large bundle called the ______. As a result, this causes her to experience a _____.

Answer 73

optic nerve; blind spot

Question 74

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____.

Answer 74

may return to the primary visual cortex

Question 75

The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.

Answer 75

striate cortex

Question 76

The optic nerve sends most of its information to the _____ of the _____.

Answer 76

later geniculate nucleus; thalamus

Question 77

Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.

Answer 77

recognizing faces

Question 78

____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.

Answer 78

Feature detectors

Question 79

____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.

Answer 79

Ganglion

Question 80

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

Answer 80

lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

Question 81

In foveal vision, ____.

Answer 81

each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

Question 82

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

Answer 82

More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell

Question 83

Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?

Answer 83

Lateral inhibition

Question 84

Although he has been blind since birth, Alden can experience _____, which is ______.

Answer 84

blindsight; the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously

Question 85

Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?

Answer 86

lateral inhibition

Question 87

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.

Answer 87

which neurons are active