Chapter 5

Question 1

What are Yarn Defects?

Answer 1

A yarn which is not uniform is said to be irregular or to contain yarn defects or faults. These faults vary in their cross-sectional size and length

Question 1

What are the different defects in Yarn?

Answer 1

1. Foreign Materials: Unwanted matters like metallic components, plastic materials, or color fibers get mixed with yarn during different spinning processes and degrade the fabric’s appearance.
2. Yarn Stains: It can appear from any source such as oil from machinery, factory dust, or improper way of handling materials.
3. Mixed Yarn: Two different lots of yarn should never be mixed. Two mixing yarn lots result in the shade variation areas on the fabric due to the different color affinity of each lot.
4. Neps Formation: Neps are an entanglement of fibers in a small ball form.
5. Thick and Thin Place: These are the irregularities in the diameter of the yarn.

Question 2

List the different types of Fabric Defects

Answer 2

Various types of faults found in woven fabrics have mentioned below:
1. Bad selvedge,
2. Broken ends or warp,
3. Broken picks or weft,
4. Loose warp,
5. Loose weft or snarl,
6. Double-end,
7. Tight end,
8. The float of warp,
9. Wrong end color,
10. Miss pick,

Question 3

List the different types of Processing (Dyeing) defects.

Answer 3

Some types of dyeing defects are as follows:
1. Barre
2. Bleeding
3. Crease Mark
4. Crocking
5. Cross Bar
6. Dye Spot
7. Fading
8. Off Shade
9. Shade Bar
10. Shade Variation
11. Stains
12. Uneven Dyeing

Question 4

List the different types of Finishing Defects

Answer 4

1. Wet Squeezer Marks: These marks are caused due to excessive pressure of the squeezer rolls on the wet fabric.
2. GSM Variation: Roll to roll variation in the process parameters of the fabric like overfeed and widthwise stretching of the dyed fabric on the STENTER, calender and compactor machines.
3. Bowing: Uneven distribution of tension across the fabric width while dyeing or finishing the fabric.
4. Skewing: Improper feeding of the fabric while compacting.
5. Shrinkage: Shrinkage is primarily due to high tension during the knitting, dyeing and the finishing processes.

Question 5

What is Inspection?

Answer 5

Inspection in reference to the apparel industry can be defined as the visual examination or review of raw materials (like fabric, sewing threads, buttons, trims, etc), partially finished components of the garments and completely finished garments in relation to some standards.

Question 6

What are the types of Fabric Inspection?

Answer 6

1. 4- Point system.
2. 10-Point System.
3. Graniteville “78” system.
4. Dallas system.
5. 4-Point System: The 4-point system for fabric inspections is a standardized method used in the apparel and textile industry to evaluate the quality of fabrics.
   This system evaluates and grades fabrics, giving buyers and suppliers insight into the quality of their fabric.
6. 10-Point System: It is one of the Fabric inspection systems where a maximum of 10 penalty points can be awarded to one defect. This is the earliest inspection system and is designed to identify defects and assign each defect a value based on the severity of the defect.
7. Graniteville “78” System: It is one of the Fabric inspection systems where a maximum of 10 penalty points can be awarded to one defect. This is the earliest inspection system and is designed to identify defects and assign each defect a value based on the severity of the defect.
8. Dallas System: . According to this system, if any defect was found on a finished garment, the garment would then be termed as a “second”. For fabrics, this system defines a second as “more than one defect per ten linear yards, calculated to the nearest ten yards”. For example, one piece 60 yards long would be allowed to have six defects.