Chapter 5 Flashcards
Analogical Change
two meaning of Analogy
- history: change within morphological paradigms
- syntactical analogy: how change is based on existing expressions rather than rules.
Morphological analogy definition
Re making of a word based on similarity to other existing words. it may seem unpredictable but with a broader view we can see patterns. it targets one item at a time (it is not like phonological changes , sound changes, that targets all the lexicon with similarly conditioned words)
cognitive process of analogy
it does not happen only based on one set of words, the other sets exist in our memory.
analogical change is not necessarily based pn proportional or four part analogy
analogical levelling
new form eliminate alternation that existed in the old forms. create uniformity and regularity.
examples of Analogical levellings
dreamed, kneeled, creeped, leaped, weeped
what happened in the levelling of the Vs?
as result of GVS clusters ending in a t, got their vowel shortened.
this isnt like the regular form replaces the old form. both exist in corpora. sometime the old form dissapears. sometime the old form gets another meaning
old forms have different meaning
old, older, elder, eldest.
the comparative of old used to be elder. now elder and superlative eldest are present in some contexts like when we talk about siblings.
regularisation and overregularization
adults use levelling to regularise. children use levelling as overregularisation
iconicity
long forms are used in slowly moving action. short form suggest completed action
How creep is different, ring
creep is from a noun as intransitive verb. (give someone the creeps)
regularisation and frequency
more frequent: less regularise
Regularisation Derivational Vs
when V is derived from noun it is regularised to maintain its connection to the Noun. (Creeped, Ringed)
What are creeped and Riged examples for
not analogical levelling, but new Vs derived from Ns.
Why Dreamed and not Sept
Productivity. -ed is a productive pattern
Type Frequency of Construction
when a construction (like -ed), has high type frequency, it is more productive
OE situation(Vowel change anf taking -ed), about strong Vs and Weak ones. how -ed became the prodictive form
Grammaticalisation: strong Vs undergo vowel change. weak verbs combined by did. -id comes from the combination of weak verbs with did and loosing a consonant. then more and more verbs were borrowed. grammaticalised. and then some of strong verbs went under regularisation
other mechanism that resulted in more suffixed verbs
loss of strong verbs: hrinan, Milan
productivity of suffixes:
suffixes compete for productivity, in OE we had dom, hood, ship and ness . ness were more productive than other forms, however there were words that took all three affixes.
Hypothesis in analogical change
high frequency forms are more resistant to changes based on analogy and serve as basis for this kind of change.
cognitive reasont for the direction of analogical change?
cognetively, why more frequent Ws are less lekely to be regularized
every token of a w strengthen the representation of that structure and word in the memory
paradigms resisting analogical alternation
Ns that have their plural forms based on the change of the vowel. foot, feet- man: men-
suppletion definition
- any kind of synchronic irregularity in the stem forms within a paradigmm
- paradigms whose members originnaly came from other lexical stems
Go: Went
Suppletion: went was the past form of wend. now past form of wend is wended. and went it the only past form of go.
different type of Suppletion Paradigms in Languages
- Most Ls that have some suppletion have only few instances of it
- Suppletive paradigms are amongst most frequently used paradigms
- certain categories are being expressed by suppletive forms
