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Chem/Phys EXAM 2 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Fluids (101 cards)

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1
Q

A fluid is any material that has the ability to

A

Flow

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2
Q

Both liquid & gases are considered to be

A

Fluids

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3
Q

Basic forces cause

A

Fluids to flow

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4
Q

Fluids assume

A

The shape of the container they are placed in

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5
Q

Hydrostatics is the study of

A

Fluids that are not moving

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6
Q

Hydrodynamics is the study of

A

Fluids in motion

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7
Q

For fluids that are static, 2 important properties are

A

Density & Pressure

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8
Q

The total pressure at the top of the water will be

A

Less than that of the bottom

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9
Q

At the same depth, fluid exerts the

A

Same pressure in all directions

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10
Q

Pressure is independent of

A

Container shape

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11
Q

When an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, it is

A

transmitted unchanged to every point within the fluid

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12
Q

All fluids exert a buoyant force on

A

Objects immersed int hem (Archimedes’ Principle)

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13
Q

An object immersed either totally or partially in a fluid feels

A

A buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid displaced

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14
Q

if the density of an object is greater than the fluid, the object will

A

Sink

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15
Q

What is a hydrometer?

A

A device used to measure the specific gravity of liquids such as urine or milk

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16
Q

Smooth flow is known as

A

Laminar

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17
Q

Flow that is not smooth is

A

Turbulent

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18
Q

Laminar flow is characterized by

A

Unchanging flow pattern where adjacent layers of fluid smoothly slide past each other

Smooth & orderly

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19
Q

Turbulent flow has a

A

Continuous varying pattern

Chaotic & abruptly changing

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20
Q

Flow rate is

A

The volume of fluid passing a particular point

Units of volume divided by time

Cubic meters/second (m3/s)

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21
Q

As the diameter of a tube decreases,

A

Speed of the fluid increases

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22
Q

As speed of a fluid increases, the pressure

A

Exerted by the fluid decreases

(Bernoulli effect)

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23
Q

The change in pressure exerted by a fluid depends on

A

The change in speed & the density of the fluid

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24
Q

Venturi tube flowmeters are

A

Devices used to measure fluid speeds in pipes

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25
Ideal fluids are those in which there is
No loss of energy due to friction No interactions between the molecules that make up the fluid No interactions between the fluid molecules & the pipe, tubing or container
26
Viscosity is the measure of a
Fluids resistance to flow
27
The speed of the molecules next to the pipe walls are
Zero
28
Molecules near the center of a pipe are moving
The fastest
29
The closer the molecule is to a wall,
The slower it moves
30
A force must be introduced in order to
Maintain the flow of a real fluid
31
The force required to maintain the flow of a real fluid is due to
A pressure difference over the length of the pipe
32
The difference in pressure to maintain flow is
Proportional to the pipe length & the average speed of the fluid & INVERSELY proportional to the cross-sectional area
33
Poiseuille's equation applies to
Laminar flow only
34
Increasing pressure can
Increase flow rate
35
Flow type depends upon the
Physical arrangement of the particular location & other factors such as fluids speed, density & viscosity
36
Reynolds number less than 2,000 will
Have laminar flow
37
Reynolds number greater than 3,000 will have
Turbulent flow
38
When Reynolds number is between 2,000 & 3,000, then
The fluid flow will be unstable & the flow can transition between laminar & turbulent flow
39
Fluids are defined by their
Response to stress
40
Stress is the
Distribution of force per unit area
41
The stress or force distribution may be
tangential (shear stress) or perpendicular (normal force)
42
Strain is the
Deformation caused by stress
43
Fluids can resist__________ or become ________
Compression like liquids; compressible & easily expandable like gases
44
Forces associated with fluids are
Gravity Pressure Friction
45
Friction is
Resistace to flow from surface interaction & is proportional to viscosity
46
Viscosity is the physical
Property of a fluid that relates shear stress to the rate of strain
47
Viscosity is the inherent property of
A fluid that resist flow
48
Flow is the result of pressure forces in a fluid established by
Difference in pressure from one point to another, which creates a gradient
49
In laminar flow, the molecules in the center of the. tube
Encounter the least adhesive force from the walls Move at a velocity twice that of the mean flow
50
True laminar flow predominates in the
Smallest airways (terminal bronchioles)
51
What is transitional flow?
A mixture of laminar flow along the walls & turbulent in the center
52
According to Poiseuille's Law, the radius will have
The most dramatic effect on flow
53
Doubling the radius will result in
A 16-fold increase in flow triple=81-fold
54
When viscosity increases,
Flow decreases
55
Increasing the length of a tube will
Decrease the flow
56
Of all the changes to be made, which will have the greater effect on increasing flow?
Increasing the diameter
57
The larger the endotracheal tube,
The better flow of gas for ventilation
58
Increasing the peak inspiratory pressure establishes a
Higher pressure gradient, which improves flow & delivered tidal volume Risk of turbulent flow
59
Reynolds number is directly proportional to the
Density of the fluid, linear velocity of the flow & tube diameter
60
Flow is inversely proportional to
Fluid viscosity
61
Reynolds number equation
Reynolds number = vpd/n V=linear velocity of fluid P= density of fluid d=diameter of tube n= viscosity >2300=turbulent <2300=laminar
62
As flow passes through a narrowing in a tube, the velocity
Of that flow increases 7 there is a corresponding decrease in pressure at the area of narrowing
63
Pressure & velocity are
Inversely proportional
64
Bernoulli equation does not account for
Friction & it assumes no changes in density or flow rate
65
Hydrostatics is the study of
Fluids not movingdr
66
Hydrodynamics if the study
Fluid in motion
67
Gravity or pressure equals
Flow
68
Hydrostatics involve these 2 things
Density & pressure
69
Pressure increases with
Depth
70
Gauge pressure is
Measured relative to atmospheric pressure
71
Total pressure includes
Atmospheric pressure
72
Gauge pressure does NOT include
Atmospheric pressure
73
Pressure at the same depth
Fluids will exert pressure in all directions depending on depth
74
What is Pascals principle?
pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be transmitted to every point of the fluid walls of the container
75
Pascals principle is essential in
Hydraulics
76
Buoyancy is
Weight if displaced water, due to Archimedes principle
77
If fluid displacement is more____ If less________
More=Float Less=Sink
78
Something immersed in a fluid is subject to an
Upward force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces (Archimedes Principle)
79
If density of the object is greater than... Less than.....
Greater than= Sink Less than=Float
80
Id density of an object is the same,
Fluid will be neutrally buoyant & will remain stationary
81
Hydrometer measures
Specific gravity
82
Fluids are defined by
Their response to stress
83
Tangential is
Shear stress
84
Perpendicular (normal stress) will either
Resist compression (liquids) Become compressible & easily expandable (gases)
85
Fluids change shape/flow when
Subjected to shear stress
86
Friction is
Resistance of flow from surface interaction & its proportional viscosity
87
What is flow rate
Quantity of fluid passing a point per unit time
88
Flow rate must be
Equal throughout a system
89
When there is a decrease in tube size. flow velocity must
Increase
90
Bernoulli Principle happens when
There is an increase in velocity, but decrease in pressure
91
Bernoulli Principle does not take into account
Friction & assumes no change in density
92
Venturi effect is caused by
Bernoulli principle
93
Coanda effect is
Fluid flowing around curved surface; if there is a bifurcation, one tube will be chosen over the other
94
What has a dramatic effect on flow?
Radius
95
Increased length will
Decrease flow
96
What are 4 ways to increase flow
Increase pressure Larger Diameter Shorter catheter Decreased viscosity
97
Quickest & most effective way to increase flow
Quickest= increase pressure gradient Most effective= increase radius
98
Reynolds number determines
If flow will be laminar of turbulent Less than 2,000=laminar Greater than=turbulent In between=flow unstable & can transition between the two
99
Law of Laplace cylinder? Spheres?
Cylinder T=Pr Spheres= 2T=Pr
100
Tension is stress/force
Exerted over a given area measured in Newtons/cm
101
law of Laplace explains the relationship between
Wall tension, radius & pressure in cylinders & spheres

Chem/Phys EXAM 2 (3 decks)

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