Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 411 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

states that membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lipid rafts

A

long-lasting, specialized patches of certain proteins or lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

transport proteins

A

provide selective hydrophilic channel across membrane, others change shape to shuttle a substance from one side to the other, some hydrolyze ATP to pump substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

enzyme with its active site (where the reactant binds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

signal transduction proteins

A

receptor may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone; signaler may cause protein to change shape to relay the message to inside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cell-cell recognition

A

some glycoproteins are specifically recognized by membrane proteins of other cells, usually short-lived compared to intercellular joining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

intercellular joining

A

membrane proteins of adjacent cells may hook together, more long-lasting than cell-cell recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

A

microfilaments or other elements of the cytoskeleton may be noncovalently bound to membrane proteins; this helps maintain cell shape and stabilizes location of certain membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

as many molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

concentration gradient

A

area of high concentration to less concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion down concentration gradient, no energy required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

hydrophilic, large, charged molecules diffuse through membranes with the assistance of transport proteins (channel or carrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

active transport

A

substances moved against concentration gradient using ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cotransport

A

when a transport protein can couple downhill diffusion of solute to uphill transport of another solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tonicity

A

ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain/lose water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal concentration of solute, no net water movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration outside is greater than concentration inside, cell loses water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration inside is greater than concentration outside, cell gains water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranous sacs and tubes, active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; rough and smooth regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rough ER

A

surface is studded with ribosomes; secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions

23
Q

ribosome

A

complex of ribosomal RNA and protein; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

24
Q

flagellum

A

mobility structure in some animal cells, cluster of microtubules within extension of plasma membrane

25
centrosome
region where cell's microtubules are initiated, contains pair of centrioles
26
cytoskeleton
reinforces cell's shape and functions in cell movement; made of protein, includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microvilli
27
microvilli
projections that increase the cell's surface area
28
peroxisome
organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water
29
mitochondrion
organelle where cellular respiration occurs, and most ATP is generated, enveloped by double membrane, contains prokaryotic-like ribosomes and multiple circular DNA molecules, grow and reproduce semi-independently in cells
30
nuclear envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER
31
nucleolus
nonmembranous structure involved in ribosome production; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
32
chromatin
material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
33
plasma membrane
membrane enclosing the cell
34
golgi apparatus
receives proteins and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them into vesicles to be sent to other organelles, plasma membrane, or cell exterior
35
lysosome
digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
36
central vacuole
prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
37
chloroplast
photosynthetic organelle; converts sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules, enveloped by double membrane, contains prokaryotic-like ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, grows and reproduces semi-independently
38
plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
39
cell wall
in plant cells, outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein
40
nuclear pores
regulate entry and exit of molecules
41
nuclear lamina
maintains shape of nucleus; composed of protein filaments
42
cristae
folds of inner membrane of mitochondria, present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
43
mitochondrial matrix
one of two compartments of inner mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes some metabolic steps of cellular respiration
44
chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll, enzymes, and other molecules that function in photosynthesis; found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae
45
thylakoids
membranous sacs of chloroplasts, stacked to form a granum
46
stroma
internal fluid of chloroplasts
47
plastids
a group of plant organelles that includes chloroplasts
48
endomembrane system
nucleus, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane
49
endocytosis
cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane
50
exocytosis
opposite of endocytosis, requires different proteins
51
phagocytosis
"eating", cell engulfs particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packaging it within food vacuole to be digested by lysosomes
52
pinocytosis
"drinking", cell continually and nonspecifically takes in droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles made by infoldings of its plasma membrane
53
receptor-mediated endocytosis
specialized type of pinocytosis, useful for solutes with low concentrations, proteins with receptor sites embedded into plasma membrane bind to specific solutes and cluster in pits to form vesicles
54
endosymbiont theory
early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell (ancestor of mitochondria) and developed a symbiotic relationship; later, at least 1 of these cells also took up a photosynthetic prokaryote (ancestor of chloroplasts)

BIOL 411 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions