Chapter 5

Question 1

Proteins are chains of

Answer 1

-amino acids

Question 2

______ codes for protein

Answer 2

-DNA

Question 3

A mutation is

Answer 3

-any change to the genomic sequence

Question 4

Eukaryotic DNA is organized into

Answer 4

-chromosomes

Question 5

Histones allow for

Answer 5

-slower evolution

Question 6

Chromosomes come in

Answer 6

-homologous pairs

Question 7

The difference between the human and chimpanzee genome is

Answer 7

-fusion of chromosome 2

Question 8

In albino people the gene that produces melanin

Answer 8

-is turned off

Question 9

Ploidy

Answer 9

-number of copies of unique chromosomes in a cell

Question 10

Sex cells are

Answer 10

-haploid

Question 11

Polyploid is often seen in

Answer 11

-fruits

Question 12

Human karyotype has _____ chromosomes

Answer 12

-23

Question 13

Transcription happens in the

Answer 13

-nucleus

Question 14

Translation happens in the

Answer 14

-cytoplasm

Question 15

Gene expression

Answer 15

-process by which information from a gene is transformed into product

Question 16

_____ translate mRNA into protein

Answer 16

-ribosomes

Question 17

Synonymous mutation

Answer 17

-doesn’t change amino acid and natural selection cannot act on it

Question 18

Nonsynonymous mutation

Answer 18

-changes amino acid, natural selection can act on it

Question 19

Gene expression is

Answer 19

-an easy way for evolution to occur

Question 20

Activator proteins

Answer 20

-turn up gene expression of gene

Question 21

Repressor proteins

Answer 21

-turn genes off

Question 22

RNA splicing can create multiple proteins from

Answer 22

-a single gene

Question 23

What are the two advantages of introns

Answer 23

-alternative splicing
-exon shuffling

Question 24

Exon shuffling uses

Answer 24

-multiple genes to make multiple proteins

Question 25

What is an example of exon shuffling

Answer 25

-TPA gene that activates the enzyme plasmid to degrade clot proteins

Question 26

Prokaryotes don’t have

Answer 26

-introns

Question 27

Horizontal gene transfer is scary because

Answer 27

-antibiotic resistant bacteria

Question 28

Gene expression can happen

Answer 28

-pre-transcription -transcription -post-transcription -translation -post-translation

Question 29

Non-coding regions of the genome include

Answer 29

-RNA genes -pseudogenes -mobile genetic elements -transcription factors (switching genes)

Question 30

Transcription factors (switching genes) are the

Answer 30

-main way gene expression is regulated

Question 31

What are RNA genes used for

Answer 31

-protein synthesis -ribosomes -transfer RNA

Question 32

What are pseudogenes?

Answer 32

-used to be a functional gene but is now off -lost promoter -evolves quickly because natural selection cannot act on it

Question 33

Mobile genetic elements are

Answer 33

-discovered by Barbra McClintock -transposable elements -transposons in corn

Question 34

MicroRNA

Answer 34

-bind mRNA and enhance or reduce translation

Question 35

Darwin never knew

Answer 35

-what switching genes are (turn genes on and off)

Question 36

MicroRNA blocks

Answer 36

-translation

Question 37

The size of genome

Answer 37

-doesn’t correlate with complexity of organism

Question 38

Does number of protein coding genes tell how complex an organism is

Answer 38

-no

Question 39

Most variation in genome size due to differences in

Answer 39

-mobile genetic elements

Question 40

Proteins function if what four ways

Answer 40

-enzymes (most important) -cell-cell signaling -receptors -structural elements

Question 41

_______ are the raw material for evolution

Answer 41

-mutations

Question 42

All cells use _____ to carry genetic information

Answer 42

-mRNA

Question 43

In diploid organisms, deleterious mutations may be

Answer 43

-masked by a functional gene copy

Question 44

Cis switching genes

Answer 44

-non-coding DNA that influences transcription of nearby genes

Question 45

Trans switching genes

Answer 45

-proteins (usually) that are produced by distant on genes often on different chromosomes, from the gene

Question 46

Somatic mutations

Answer 46

-affect cells in the body of an organism; not heritable

Question 47

Germ-line mutations

Answer 47

-affect gametes; heritable and relevant to evolution

Question 48

Small mutations are _________ and ________ important for evolution

Answer 48

-more common -less

Question 49

Large mutations are _______ and ______ important for evolution

Answer 49

-rare -more

Question 50

Germ-line mutations are ________, but accumulate in populations over time

Answer 50

-rare

Question 51

Germ-line mutations are the

Answer 51

-raw material for evolution

Question 52

Recombination

Answer 52

-when chromosomes in meiosis cross over genetic information

Question 53

Independent assortment

Answer 53

-chromosomes separate independently into different cells

Question 54

Meiosis generates considerable genetic variation through

Answer 54

-recombination -independent assortment -unrelated fertilization

Question 55

Genotype

Answer 55

-the genetic make up of an individual

Question 56

Phenotype

Answer 56

-an observable measurable characteristic of an organism

Question 57

Polyphenic trait

Answer 57

-single genotype produces multiple phenotypes depending on environment -genetically the same -carnivore spadefoot tadpoles

Question 58

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 58

-changes in phenotype produced by a single genotype in different environments -being able to tan

Question 59

What is the difference between polyphenism and phenotypic plasticity

Answer 59

-polyphenism only has two or three discrete possible outcomes but phenotypic plasticity has multiple outcomes

Question 60

Gene expression can be influenced by signals from the environment such as

Answer 60

-polyphenism -phenotypic plasticity -epigenetics