Chapter 5 Flashcards
(42 cards)
The Rochester test is an example of a…. test
projective
Part of mental status exam clinician asks about where they ae patient knows where they are….
sensorium
Car accident
brain injury
What kind of test?
Neuropsychological
One of the most extensively used personality tests
Has L scale
MMPI
Optimal level of arousal is suggested by the…….
Yerkes Dodson Law
According to Mower’s……..theory, both………and………can account for acquisition of fears and phobias
two factor
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
….. and ……. are highly comorbid because the first one can lead to persistence and widespread avoidance of unescapable situations
Agoraphobia
panic disorder
Psychotherapeutic anxiety treatment almost always involves some form of……
exposure
….. ……. disorder can be distinguished from…… symptom disorder on the basis that the former has less to do with the symptoms and more to do with their ……
Illness anxiety disorder
Somatic symptom disorder
meaning
Functional neurological disorder (aka …. disorder) what does functional mean?
conversion
A symptom without organic cause
What is the difference between anxiety
fear and panic
Anxiety is a negative mood state where you feel threatened by a potential negative future event
Fear is a response to a threat right here right now
Panic, closely related to fear but false alarm.
There’s no “real threat” it’s a false alarm
Can progress to panic attack
When is anxiety adaptive? When is it maladaptive?
This is explained by the Yerks Dodson curve.
The optimal level of arousal helps our performance by increasing our attention and investment.
Anxiety can be helpful by:
- promoting cautious and attentive behaviour
- when the concern is realistic and when it fades after the event
However, when anxiety gets too powerful our performance is inhibited
What are the biological causes of anxiety?
Anxiety sensitivity is heritable at 30-50%
There’s no one gene that gives you anxiety, it can just make you more susceptible to it
ex. some people are born more uptight
increased sensitivity to arousal
Brain function and anxiety:
Parts that matter and control it
Amygdala: fear centre
- overly responsive to new threats
Cortex down regulate limbic system
Anxiety sensitivity= amygdala insufficiently down regulation of limbic system
What neurotransmitters effect anxiety?
GABA: neurotransmitter that has a calming effect
Norepinephrine: mood arousal attention
serotonin:regulate mood.
Behavioural factors for anxiety
What is mowrer’s two factor behavioural theory?
- Fear learned through classical conditioning:
Neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with frightening or painful stimulus (US). - Maintained through operant conditioning:
Avoiding that CS reduces anxiety
(in the short term-not facing anxiety worsens it in the long term because it never has the opportunity to be disproved)
What is modelling?
Learning by observing others
Psychological causes to Anxiety:
Personality traits
Cognitive factors
Social
Personality traits that give us an “anxiety sensitivity”
Cognitive Factors
- Aron Beck
* Thoughts mediate how we feel
*We are conditioned to pay attention to things that align with our belifs
* View world as uncertain and themselves as unable to cope with stress
Intolerance of uncertainty
Positive beliefs about worry (think its helpful or useful)
Poor problem orientation
Cognitive avoidance (avoid threat, never learn to face it)
Social
* Stressful life events trigger our biological vulnerabilities
*our reactions to stress runs in our families
What are Barlow’s three Vulnerabilities models
Vulnerability (Diathesis) is a generalized biological vulnerability
Ex. Tendency to be uptight is heritable
Generalized psychological vulnerability (feel like events are uncontrolled or dangerous)
- Low self esteem inability to cope
- Grew up in a world that was dangerous and out of your control
- Never learned how to cope with adversity
Specific psychological vulnerability (physical sensations are dangerous)
- You learn to be anxious from experiences
Ex. Parents deathly afraid of dogs and so are you
- Panic
- Hypochondriac
What is the most common type of psychological disorder?
What does anxiety have a high comorbidity with?
Who is the most effected?
Social anxiety
Women
Comorbidity with depression
Generalized Anxiety disorder
What are the main symptoms?
What is it?
Timeline?
What is it?
Uncontrollable unproductive worrying (pathological worry) about everyday events
Symptoms:
*Muscle tension !!!
*Irritability
*Sleep issues
*Restlessness
*fatigue
*Difficulty concentrating
6 months
GAD Statistics
Onset?
How many?
What age?
Comorbidity
Over 15 years old more women than men
3% Canada pop
50% of people with GAD also have MDD
Most common in people over 45
Cognitive characteristics of GAD (4)
- Intolerance of uncertainty
- Positive beliefs about worry
- Poor problem orientation (problems need to be avoided, not solved)
- Cognitive avoidance
* Must interfere with ability to function**
What are the pharmacological treatment of GAD
Pro
con
Benzodiazepine: slow down activity in your brain and nervous system
SSRI: block the reuptake of serotonin, making more serotonin available in the brain
Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters
- Meds work well when you take them (fast acting) but can have side effects and more relapses when you stop
