Chapter 5

Question 1

Absorption

Answer 1

Movement of dissolved substances such as digested food and oxygen across a plasma membrane into the interior of a cell

Question 2

Alimentary canal

Answer 2

Muscular tube through which food passes; in humans it extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestines; also known as the digestive tract or gut

Question 3

Amylase

Answer 3

Group of enzymes that break down the polysaccharides starch and glycogen into smaller units

Question 4

Anus

Answer 4

Posterior or terminal opening of the alimentary canal through which faeces are expelled from the body

Question 5

Autotrophic

Answer 5

Describes an organism that, given a source of energy, can produce its own food from simple inorganic substances; also known as a producer

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

Organisms that, given a source of energy, can produce their own food from simple inorganic substances; also known as producers

Question 7

Bile

Answer 7

Secretion produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder that contains bile salts that emulsify lipids

Question 8

Bile duct

Answer 8

Tube that transports bile from the gall bladder

Question 9

Bolus

Answer 9

Rounded mass of food, formed during chewing and ready for swallowing

Question 10

Carnivores

Answer 10

Organisms that kill and eat animals

Question 11

Cellular respiration

Answer 11

Process of converting chemical energy of food into a form usable by cells, typically ATP

Question 12

Chloroplasts

Answer 12

Chlorophyll-containing organelles that occur in the cytosol of cells of specific plant tissues

Question 13

Chyme

Answer 13

Soupy mixture of food, saliva and gastric juice found in the stomach

Question 14

Colon

Answer 14

Portion of the large intestine leading from the small intestine to the rectum

Question 15

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 15

A condition, inherited as an autosomal recessive, in which an affected person produces abnormal mucus secretions

Question 16

Digestion

Answer 16

Chemical breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller units that can pass across plasma membranes

Question 17

Digestive system

Answer 17

Alimentary canal and associated organs that secrete chemicals into the canal

Question 18

Duodenum

Answer 18

Portion of the small intestine leading from the stomach and into which secretions from the pancreas and the liver are released

Question 19

Emulsification

Answer 19

Breakdown of large fat droplets into smaller fat droplets

Question 20

Enzymes

Answer 20

Typically, specific proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of a particular chemical reaction in living organisms

Question 21

Faeces

Answer 21

Undigested material eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract

Question 22

Foregut fermenters

Answer 22

Herbivorous mammals in which bacterial digestion of plant material occurs in a greatly enlarged stomach or oesophagus

Question 23

Gall bladder

Answer 23

Organ in which bile is stored

Question 24

Gastric juice

Answer 24

Fluid secreted by various cell types in the stomach wall; contains enzymes, water, mucus and hydrochloric acid

Question 25

Herbivores

Answer 25

Organism that eats living plants or parts of them

Question 26

Heterotrophic

Answer 26

Describes an organism that cannot make its own food and must ingest or absorb organic material from its environment

Question 27

Heterotrophs

Answer 27

Organisms that ingest or absorb food in the form of organic material from their environment; also known as consumers

Question 28

Ileum

Answer 28

Part of the small intestine leading from the jejunum to the large intestine

Question 29

Jejunum

Answer 29

Short section of the small intestine leading from the duodenum to the ileum

Question 30

Lacteals

Answer 30

Lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine

Question 31

Large intestine

Answer 31

Part of the digestive system between the small intestine and anus

Question 32

Liver

Answer 32

In mammals, large organ located in upper abdomen and which has many functions including removal of some toxic materials from the blood, storage of glycogen and production of bile

Question 33

Mucus

Answer 33

Lubricating substance secreted by mucous glands particularly in the alimentary canal and the bronchii

Question 34

Oesophagus

Answer 34

Muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx at the back of the mouth to the stomach

Question 35

Pancreas

Answer 35

Organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and hormones into the bloodstream

Question 36

Peristalsis

Answer 36

Movement of food along the gut by means of contraction and relaxation of muscle in the gut wall

Question 37

Pepsin

Answer 37

Protein-digesting enzyme produced by cells in the stomach

Question 38

Photosynthesis

Answer 38

Process by which plants trap the radiant energy of sunlight to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

Question 39

Prey

Answer 39

Living animal that is captured and eaten by a predator

Question 40

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 40

A muscular opening through which food is forced from the stomach into the small intestine

Question 41

Rectum

Answer 41

Final section of the large intestine that ends at the nu

Question 42

Ruminants

Answer 42

Herbivorous mammals with a stomach comprising several compartments, one of which is known as the rumen where fermentation of food occurs

Question 43

SA:V

Answer 43

(surface-area-to-volume ratio) a measure that identifies the number of units of surface area available to ‘serve’ each unit of internal volume of a cell, tissues or organism

Question 44

Small intestine

Answer 44

Part of the alimentary canal that comprises the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and is located between the stomach and the large intestine

Question 45

Stomach

Answer 45

Expanded part of the gut into which the oesophagus opens

Question 46

Villi

Answer 46

(singular = villus) small projections of tissue that function to increase surface area