Chapter 5

Question 1

plot twists

Answer 1

(a plot development that violates the reader’s expectations)

Question 2

surprise endings

Answer 2

(a plot twist at the end of a story)

Question 3

exposition

Answer 3

introduces us to the setting, the characters, and the situation.

Question 4

inciting incident

Answer 4

the plot, an event that sets the conflict in motion.

Question 5

rising action

Answer 5

describes the events leading up to the crisis of the story

Question 6

climax

Answer 6

refers to the plot’s moment of highest emotional intensity

Question 7

crisis,

Answer 7

the major turning point for the main character or the point at which something happens that affects the outcome of the story,

Question 8

falling action,

Answer 8

the events that unfold the results of the crisis and lead to the conclusion

Question 9

dénouement

Answer 9

from the French for “an untying”), or plot resolution, presents the final outcome of the story

Question 10

flashback,

Answer 10

a reference either to events that occurred before the main action of the story or to action that occurred before the time in which the narrator is speaking

Question 11

chronological

Answer 11

begin in medias res (in the middle of events) in order to plunge the reader straight into the main action of the story

Question 12

Verse forms

Answer 12

refer to specific combinations of rhyme and meter.

Question 13

slant rhyme

Answer 13

is a common variant in which two words with similar but slightly mismatched sounds are paired (e.g., star and door).

Question 14

eye rhyme

Answer 14

refers to word pairs that are spelled alike but pronounced differently (e.g., cough and bough).

Question 15

rhyme scheme

Answer 15

(the poem’s pattern of end rhyme).

Question 16

Alliteration,

Answer 16

the repetition of initial consonant sounds, ap- pears often in prose as well as poetry.

Question 17

Consonance,

Answer 17

the rep- etition of terminal consonant sounds, and more rarely of internal consonants, also cre- ates extra emphasis on the words involved.

Question 18

assonance

Answer 18

is the rep- etition of similar vowel sounds in a series of words. This device can evoke several ef- fects.

Question 19

meter

Answer 19

the regular arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables—creates the rhythm of a poem.

Question 20

Scansion

Answer 20

refers to the process of identifying the two major features of meter in a particular poem.

Question 21

poetic foot

Answer 21

of a poem refers to the specific combination of two or three stressed ( ) and/or unstressed syllables ( ̆) that repeats through- out the poem’s lines.

Question 22

iambic foot

Answer 22

consisting of one unstressed and one stressed syllable, in that order.

Question 23

trochaic foot

Answer 23

combines a stressed then an unstressed syllable

Question 24

anapestic foot

Answer 24

two unstressed then one stressed syllable

Question 25

dactylic foot

Answer 25

has one stressed then two unstressed syllables

Question 26

spondaic foot

Answer 26

repeats two stressed sylla- bles;

Question 27

pyrrhic foot,

Answer 27

two unstressed syllables

Question 28

iambic pentameter

Answer 28

Though not all poems have regular rhythm, many traditional forms do demand a specific meter.

Question 29

Verse

Answer 29

refers broadly to compositions written in meter.

Question 30

rhymed verse,

Answer 30

having end rhyme and regular meter.

Question 31

blank verse,

Answer 31

unrhymed iambic pentameter.

Question 32

free verse:

Answer 32

Sandburg’s free verse poem has neither regular meter nor rhyme.

Question 33

Stanzas

Answer 33

are divisions of a poem based on thought, meter, or rhyme and are usually recognized by the number of lines they contain.

Question 34

ballad,

Answer 34

a narrative poem often derived from folklore and originally intended to be sung or recited.

Question 35

refrain,

Answer 35

a line or group of lines repeated throughout a poem.

Question 36

sonnet

Answer 36

is a lyric (songlike) poem of fourteen lines.

Question 37

Italian sonnet

Answer 37

the first eight lines (an octave, rhyming abbaabba) form a distinct unit of thought, and the last six lines (a sestet, rhyming variously with two or three new rhymes) form another

Question 38

English sonnet

Answer 38

the thought is usually distributed over three quatrains with a concluding couplet, the whole rhyming ababcdcdefefgg.

Question 39

Haiku

Answer 39

is a Japanese form of poetry written to create vivid imagery that touches the reader’s heart and/or enlightens his mind.

Question 40

cinquain

Answer 40

(“November Night”) is a quintet also focused on evocative im- agery.

Question 41

shaped poem

Answer 41

the author has, in addition to the normal challenges of writing poetry, the prob- lem of arranging the sentences on the page to form a specific picture.

Question 42

anaphora

Answer 42

is the repetition of specific words or phrases at the beginnings of lines or grammatical units.

Question 43

parallelism,

Answer 43

similarity in the structure of two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Question 44

Chiasmus

Answer 44

inverts the parallel structure, keeping the elements of the original phrase, clause, or sentence but reversing them in the follow- ing unit.

Question 45

subplots,

Answer 45

which are lesser in significance, may complement the main plot.