Chapter 5 Flashcards
(33 cards)
When infants gain full vision ( age?)
8 month they gain full vision
Visual acuity
clarity of vision
Contrast sensitivity
-the ability to detect differences in dark and light areas of visual patterns. → infants low contrast sensitivity
Object perception ( 2 concepts)
Preseptual consistence and Object segregation
- both of them is innate
Preseptual consistence
object being of consistent size shape and color in spite of physical difference
( we see person that is moving away from us in the same size/proportion to the landscape)
Object segregation
we separate objects and see their boundaries
Depth perception
Optical expansion ( innate) and Binocular disparity (from 6/7m)
Optical expansion
if the object is approachable we ge the clue by it expanding towards us
Binocular disparity
-the difference between renital images are different in both eyes it results in two slightly different signal being sent to the brain
6 or 7 month sensitive to monocular depth clues
Auditory localization
- perception of where the sound is located in space
- Infants have it innate, however it develops further with time
Taste
Infants taste and smell even before birth
Smell
Infants can detect their mother’s smell.In the experiment they turn more to clothes that was warn by their mother rather than other woman.
Touch
- In first few month mouth is main way to explore everything and learn about their body
- At 4 month they gain control over their body and start exploring with their hands.
Intermodal perception
- According to Piaget information from different sensory systems starts to separate only after some time after birth
- Very young infants link oral and visual experience
Types of reflexes in infants
- Grasping reflex
-Sucking and swallowing reflex
Strong reflexes→ good shape of central nervous system
Reflex (definition)
Innate fixed pattens of action that occurs in response to particular simulation
Cognition in infants
1) Knowledge about objects and if the violation of expectation occurs than infants look at “impossible event” longer
2) Physical knowledge like infants know that objects do not float up in the air
2) Social knowledge such they can recognize goal oriented behaviors
Types of learning in infants
Perceptual learning Statistical learning Classical conditioning Instrumental conditioning Observational learning Rational learning
Statistical learning
- Determining statistically predicted patterns
- Like mom’s voice is followed by appearance of her face
- This statistical patterns present in many things like, speech, music, action etc
- This statistical mechanisms are available at birth, sometimes even before that
Perceptual learning
Key process in perceptual learning
- Differentiation- extracting connection between even and environment and remembering it is as constant. Fore example making connection that soft tone of voice is associated with positive feelings of calmness.
- Affordance- is possibility of actions afforded by objects. Like remembering that liquids can be pored or spilled
Instrumental conditioning
Learning about one’s reward and punishment in response to actions
Positive reinforcement
Observational learning
Learning from other’s behavior
Habituation
- Respond less to stimuli that is previously experienced
- Speed to which infants react can reflect efficiency of processing information by infants
Motor milestones
0-1 month-lifting head
2-4 month-prone, chest up, uses arms for support
2-4,5 month- rolls over
3,5-6,5 month- supports some weight with legs
4,5-7,5 month- sits without support
5-10 month- stands with support
6-10 month- pulls self to stand
7-13 month- walks with furniture support
10-14 month stands alone easy
11.. month- walks alone easily
