chapter 5&6 Flashcards
(26 cards)
positive punishment and an example
giving an unpleasant stimulus to decrease frequency of behaviour
- spanking as consequence
negative punishment and an example
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease frequency of a behaviour
- taking away kids toy to teach them lesson (doesn’t teach good behaviour just reduces bad in presence of punishment)
positive reinforcement and example
give a pleasant stimulus to increase desired behaviour
- money as a reward for cleaning
negative reinforcement and example
taking away unpleasant stimulus to increase frequency of desired behaviour
- seatbelt alarm
what are the 5 components of classical conditioning (and dog example)
UCS - dog food
UCR - dog salivates at food
NS - bell
CS - bell rings before food comes our way
CR - dog salivates at bell
what is entrainment
biological rhythms linked w external environments ( changes in time, sunlight, temp etc. )
3 biological rhythms and their times
- circadian rhythms (24 hrs)
- infradian rhythms (less than once a day)
- ultradian rhythms (more freq than once a day, every 90 min ish [cramps, hormones])
what’s it called when internal clocks are out of sync
internal desynchronization (jet lag, night shift,
rhythms influenced by change in routine)
sleep stages (ultradian) terry spin dances daily
stage 1: theta waves, light sleep
stage 2: sleep spindles, k complexes
stage 3: some delta waves, hard to wake
stage 4: most delta waves, deep sleep
REM: dreams, high arousal, looks like stage 1
short term sleep deprivation
up to 45 hrs w/o sleep
long term sleep deprivation
more than 45 hrs W/o sleep
partial deprivation
no more than 5 hours sleep/night for more than one night
6 sleep disorders
- insomnia: chronic difficulty falling asleep
- narcolepsy: sudden uncontrollable REM + cataplexy (REM paralysis while wake)
- sleep apnea: breathing stops and starts during sleep
- sleep walking: no REM paralysis, walking
- nightmares
- night terrors: wake up in fight or flight, stage 3+4
manifest and latent content of dreams
manifest- aspects of dream we consciously experience
latent- unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream
dream activation synthesis theory
- pons spontaneously fires neurons
- cerebral cortex tries to make sense of them
2 hypnosis theories
sociocognitive: social influence of hypnotist + beliefs/expectations of patient
dissociation theory: conscious and motor mind operates independently when under hypnosis
primary vs secondary reinforcers in operant conditioning
primary- stimulant that satisfies biological needs (food, sex, etc)
secondary- stimuli associated with primary reinforcer
define shaping
rewarding successive approximations of desired behaviour to gradually get closer to proper behaviour
what is the premack principal
reinforcing a less frequent behaviour with a more frequent behaviour (dessert after dinner, play after study)
schedules of reinforcement
FR- predictably reinforce based on responses (every 3 replies)
VR- reinforce on average based on responses (every 2, 5, 3 min)
FI- predictably reinforce based on time (every 5 min)
VI- reinforce on average based on time (every 2, 5, 3 min)
define a token economy
reinforce behaviours by reward w token (gold stars, poker chips) that earn up to a prize
define the two types of aversive control
escape conditioning: reinforcing behaviours by reacting to an unpleasant stimulus (dog gets shocked, moves to other side of the floor)
-can be used to teach avoidance-
avoidance conditioning: light goes off before floor shocks dog, dog avoids
what are the 5 applications of operant conditioning
- shaping
- chaining
- premack principle
- superstitious behaviour (reinforcement linked to behaviour by coincidence)
- token economies
what is observational learning
learning occurs by observing the behaviour of a model (learns what responses produce pos/neg consequences, which events are important and what behaviours signal)
