Chapter 5

Question 1

Sum total of all chemical reactions within a cell

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

Breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones - energy is released (exergonic)

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

Building cooped organic molecules from simpler ones; energy is used (endergonic)

Question 4

Redox

Answer 4

Oxidation and reduction reactions -electron transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor -reactions always occurs in simultaneously -cells use electron carriers to carry electrons - 3 important electron carrier -NAD+ NADP+ FAD –> FADH2

Question 5

Enzymes in metabolism

Answer 5

Enzymes are organic catalysts -increase likelihood of a reaction 6 - categories of enzymes based on mode of action

Hydrolases, Isomerases, Ligases, Lyases, Oxidoreductases, Transferases

Question 6

Enzymes are..

Answer 6

-organic catalyst

Question 7

The Generized Equation

Answer 7

Question 8

Catalyst

Answer 8

a substance that increases the rate of a chimical reation without itself under going a permant chemical change

Question 9

Proteins which catalyze reations in cells by lowering the acctivation engergy (make reactions more efficient)

are not altered or destroyed during the reaction (can be used over and over)

exhibit specificity (they can drive one reaction but can’t drive a different reaction)

Answer 9

Enzymes

Question 10

acted up on by the enzymes are called

Answer 10

substrates

Question 11

maxiumum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to product each second is called

Answer 11

Turn over

Question 12

Typcial turn over time

Answer 12

1 - 10,000 per second for each enzyme

Question 13

protein portion of an enzyme is called

Answer 13

Apoenzyme

Question 14

non-protein component is the

Answer 14

co-factor

Co-factor can be organic or inorganic

Question 15

If a co-factor is a complex organic molecule, it is called a

Answer 15

coenzyme

Question 16

when fully assembled they from the

Answer 16

holoenzyme

Question 17

some enzymes are RNA molecules called

Answer 17

ribozymes

Question 18

Factors influencing Enzyme rates

Answer 18

Temperature

pH

Substrate Concentration

Inhibition

Question 19

Optimum temperature enzymes work in

Answer 19

37oC

98.6 oF

Question 20

Optimum levels of pH

Answer 20

4-6

Question 21

Where does a noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor bind?

Answer 21

On the allosteric site of the enzyme

Question 22

In end product inhibition, what switched off the pathway?

Answer 22

Making excess product

Question 23

Three way that energy is stored through formation of ATP

(ADP + P = ATP); the process is called

Answer 23

phosphorylation

Question 24

direct transfer of phophate to ADP from phosphorylated subustrate

Answer 24

Substrate-level phophorylation

Question 25

electrons transferred from organic compounds to electron carriers (NADH AND FADH2); energy is transferred down an electron transport chain which is then used to gerate ATP

Answer 25

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 26

light energy is trapped and an electron transport chain is used to generate ATP

Answer 26

Photophosphorylation

Question 27

making a total of 38 ATP for each glucose molecule

Answer 27

Three phases

Question 28

splits glucose (6-carbon) in half making two (3-carbon) pyruvic acid molecules -- process releases a small amount of enegy and small amount of NADH ## Footnote **"bridge step" akes us into mitochondria**

Answer 28

Glycolysis

Question 29

exracts energy from pyruvic acids (small amount) power is in the reduction of organic molecules like NADA and FADH2

Answer 29

Krebs Cycle

Question 30

exracts lots of energy by oxidizing those carriers and using it to make ATP

Answer 30

Electron Transportation Chain

Question 31

How many ATP does NADH make

Answer 31

3 ATP

Question 32

How many ATP does FADH2 make

Answer 32

2 ATP

Question 33

Also uses the electron transport chain but can't enter at the first step.. Because of this it can only move 2 pairs of H+ and will ultimately be responsible for production of 2 ATP molecules

Answer 33

FADH2

Question 34

Energy Yeild ....Electron Transport Chain 10 NADH = 2 FADH2 =

Answer 34

10 NADH = 30 ATP 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP

Question 35

Final Electron is an inorganic molecule other than O2 (nitrous oxie, nitrate, methan)

Question 36

This style of respiration is much less effecient than aerobic respiration, so organisms that do it produce less total ATP. Because of this, anerobic bacteria tend to grow slow than aerobes

Answer 36

Anaeroic Respiration in Prokaryotes

Question 37

after glycolysis, the pyruvates can be further metabolized by takeing alternate pathways; what pathway is that?

Answer 37

Fermentation

Question 38

- releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules - does not requrie O2 (but can often occure in presence of O2) - Does not use Krebs or Electron Transort Chains - Uses an organic molecule for electron acceptor - Produces few ATP (one or two per start molecule) - End products containmuch or orginal energy (ethanol, lactic acid)

Answer 38

Fermentation

Question 39

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Answer 39

beer, wine, fuel

Question 40

Acetic Acid

Answer 40

Vinegar

Question 41

Lactic acid -

Answer 41

yogurt, sauerkraut etc...

Question 42

Methane

Answer 42

Fuel

Question 43

Fermentaion Test Medium contains: Protein

Answer 43

(casein for us)

Question 44

Fermentaion Test Medium contains: one specific carbohydrate

Answer 44

maltose, fructose, glucse etc...

Question 45

Fermentaion Test Medium contains: pH indicator

Answer 45

color change if uses carbohyrates

Question 46

Fermentaion Test Medium contains: Durham tube

Answer 46

little glass tube to collect gas if it is produced