Chapter 5-7 Flashcards
1
Q
What was the free born citizens divided into?
A
- patricians
- plebeians
2
Q
What was the diet of a wealthy Roman?
A
•Romans only ate light meals throughout the day
-breakfast consisted of bread and fruit and cheese was eaten at lunch
•the main meal was dinner and was divided into three courses
- stuffed olives, oysters and dormice eaten as starters
- main course was pig, boars head, ostrich and lobster
- desert: honey cakes, dates, grapes
3
Q
What was the diet of a poor roman?
A
- lentil or barely soup
- cheap cuts of meat stewed in vinegar
- gov gave free grain to very poor people so they could make bread and porridge (dole)
4
Q
Clothing of Romans
A
Men: loose short tunic and a toga over tunic
Women: long tunic and palla (large cloak)
5
Q
What was the circus maimed?
A
A massive venue for chariot racing in Rome
6
Q
How many people could be in the circus maximum?
A
250,000
7
Q
What were the races in the circus maximus like?
A
The races was 7 laps
-charioteers were strapped into chariots to prevent themselves from falling out but they had a knife so they could cut themselves lose for the the wreckage
8
Q
How many people could be in the colosseum?
A
50,000
9
Q
Who were the Roman gods?
A
- Jupiter (King)
- Juno (queen)
- Mars (war)
- Venus (love)
- Neptune (sea)
- Mercury (messenger)
10
Q
What was the haruspex?
A
A special priest who would examine the liver of a sacrificed animal. If the liver contained a disease it was considered to be a bad omen
11
Q
What was the feudal system?
A
The King gave an area of land (a fief) to nobles or lords who agreed to supply the King with soldiers and horses for his army, the peasants worked the land for nobles and knights who offered them protection in return
12
Q
What is a motte?
A
A hill built artificially for a castle to put it in a more advantageous position
13
Q
What was a Bailey?
A
A courtyard at the bottom of a motte, usually peasants lived there
14
Q
What was a moat?
A
A deep ditch dug around the Bailey
15
Q
Why were castles built out of stone?
A
To provide protection against the weather and fire
16
Q
What was the keep?
A
A large square tower where the Lord and his family lived
17
Q
What was wrong with the stone castles
A
- damp and dark
- no windows (arrows)
- no central heating or running water
18
Q
What were garderobe?
A
Wooden seats used as toilets from which the waste fell down a chute into the moat
19
Q
What were battlements?
A
Gaps in the castle walls from which archers could fire arrows
20
Q
How was the castle defended?
A
- arrows shot from the battlements
- boiling oil and quicklime poured from the castle walls onto attackers below
- the drawbridge was drawn and the portcullis would be lowered across the gate
21
Q
What was a portcullis?
A
A steel gate lowered once the drawbridge was drawn
22
Q
What was a Barbican?
A
A fortified gatehouse
23
Q
How were castles attacked?
A
- causing a siege, surrounding the castle and blocking supplies from reaching those inside
- battering rams used to try break the castle walls
- large boulders hurled from catapults called mangonels
- siege towers and rope ladders were used to scale the castle walls
- sometimes tunnels were dug underneath walls in an effort to force its collapse
24
Q
What were the lords duties?
A
- ensured that rents were paid and that the Knights remained loyal and ready to defend his lands (however the estate steward carried out most of these talks on behalf of the Lord)
- issued orders to bailiffs who were responsible for collecting rent and fines
- the Lord acted as a judge, settling local disputes and handing out punishments to those who broke local law
25
What were banquets at a Lord's house like?
* exotic dishes such as swans and peacocks were served
* the bad smell of spoiled meat was disguised by adding spices or it was even dyed to make it look more appealing
* guests sat at long tables, the more important guests sitting at the top
* only those sitting at the top were served on platters, other guests ate on slabs of stale bread known as trenchers
26
What was hunting like as a pastime during medieval times?
* popular pastime for the lord
* way of providing food for the castle
* hunting carried out on foot or using birds of prey
27
What were the duties of a noble lady?
* usually in charge of domestic duties but while the Lord was away, was in charge of the running of the castle
* ensured there was a good supply of food in the storerooms in case of siege
* oversaw the salting of food for preservation
* responsible for the upbringing of the children
28
What pastimes did the lady take part in?
* hawking (a less strenuous form of hunting) birds of prey were trained to fly from a nobles wrist to catch prey
* lady's played musical instruments, chess and did embroidery
29
What were the processes to becoming a knight?
Took up to 15 years to become a knight
•boys from only noble
families were sent by their parents to become a page in a lords castle at age 6/7
•at 14 the boy became a squire
•after about 7 years of training and the quire proved he was a skilful and brave warrior he was knighted by the King/local Lord
30
What did a boy learn during his time as a page?
- learnt good manners
- learnt how to read and write
- expected to act as servants to the Lord and lady
- learnt basic fighting skills using wooden swords and shields
31
What did a squire do?
Accompanied a fully trained knight
- learned how to fight with real weapons
- responsible for looking after the Knights horse and armour
32
How was a squire knighted?
1. Knighted during a ceremony called an accolade
•spent the knight before the ceremony praying that he would be a good knight and he would never fail his duty to serve the Lord and King
•during the ceremony wore:
-White tunic (sign of purity)
-red robe (showing willingness to shed blood)
-black jacket (acceptance that he may die in battle)
•knelt for his dubbing then he would be presented with a sword
2. Some men were knighted on a battlefield as a reward for bravery
33
What armour did a knight wear?
- chain mail tunic
| - metal plate amour with a helmet and gauntlets
34
How did Knights keep diet and practised in between wars?
Took part in tournaments
35
What were some activities at tournaments?
- melees: mock battles
- jousting: two Knights on horseback charged at each other on either side of a fence called a tilt using long poles (lances) in an effort to unseat their opponent (the winner usually got the losers armour)
36
What was chivalry?
The code of chivalry was that Knights were supposed to be loyal, brave, generous and courteous to women
37
Where did most people live in during the medieval ages?
Manors, these were villages and surrounding land that were owned by a Lord (manors also known as grange)
38
What was a demesne?
The lords private farm
39
Who count rolled the towns during the Middle Ages?
They were controlled by local lords but then powerful merchants paid the Lord to hand over power to a town council
40
What was life living in a medieval town like?
* sentries guarded the entry gates that were closed at night
* anyone entering the town to seek goods had to pay a toll
* there was a list of rules called the charter
* no sewage system
41
What did a curfew mean during medieval times?
Because all the buildings in medieval towns were made from wood fire was a constant danger
Curfew was the rule that, after darkness fell townspeople had to extinguish their fires
42
What happened to London in the year 1666?
A fire started in London when a baker in Pudding Lane failed to put out the fire properly
-burnt down 13,000 houses but no one was killed
43
What were the stages of becoming a craftman?
* young boys were sent as an apprentice to a master craftman's shop
* after 7 years of training the boy could become a journeyman: he was free to do a days work for pay for anyone
* if a journeyman wanted to become a master he has to prove he is skilled enough by creating a masterpiece, if other masters consider it good enough he becomes a master and is allowed to open up shop provided he has the money to do so
44
What was life as an apprentice like?
•lived in the attic of the masters house and ate with the master and his family.
-Only ate two meals a day
∆breakfast: bread & weak beer
∆dinner: roast joint of beef, lamb,
chicken, pork + apples, cheese, spiced cakes + drank ale or mead (ale mixed with honey)
45
What was the purpose of creating guilds?
In order to maintain a high standard of goods and to support other craftsmen
46
What were the vernal rules of each guild?
- no one was allowed to start work before sunrise or continue to work after dark
- all workshops had to close after dinner on Saturday
- workshops had to remain closed on Sunday's and feat days
- prices were fixed to stop underselling
- guilds settled disputes between craftsmen and their apprentices
47
What was the purpose the yearly fee each craftsman had to pay to their guild?
Money used to pay for the care of sick colleagues and towards the upkeep of the families of deceased members
48
How were gossiped punished during the Middle Ages?
- dunked in the local pond
| - forced to wear a scold bridle (stopped talking)
49
How were butchers who sold rotten meat or bakers who sold stale bread punished?
Forced to spend a day in the pillory or stocks where people threw food or dragged around the city in a cart with the the spoiled food around their neck
50
What was the Romanesque style like?
- rounded arches over doors and windows
| - thick columns within the church
51
What was the gothic style like?
- pointed arches over doors and windows
- within the churches there were thin columns and a narrow aisle known as the nave
- large round stained glass windows called a rose window
- roof of the building supported with arches called flying buttresses
52
How was the Black Plague spread and how many people died?
- came from Asia
- spread by blood-sucking fleas on rats
- 1/3 of Europe dead
53
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
* Roman ruins inspired many artists
* when the Turks captured the city of Constantinople Greek scholars fled to Italy bringing ancient manuscripts with them which revived an interest in ancient culture
* Italy was a very rich place at the time, it was made up of a number of wealthy independent city states, many wealthy people called patrons sponsored artists, these artists could afford to practice their skill full time rather than a pastime
* during the Middle Ages Italy became the crossroads of the world, it was the main trading centre in Europe, it was a place where many different cultures met and new ideas developed
54
What are some Renaissance architects?
* Andrea Palladio
| * Filippo Brunelleschi
55
What did Andrea Palladio do?
He designed buildings with:
- large pillars
- rounded arches
- dome roofs
- large front porches (porticoes)
56
What did Filippo Brunelleschi do?
Studied mathematics and examined ancient roman buildings to help him discover the secret behind the building of arches and domes, he used the cor belling technique
57
What did medieval art look like?
* medieval paintings of people didn't look very lifelike, important people were painted larger and less important people were painted smaller
* medieval painting had people that looked the same, the pictures lacked detailed backgrounds and appeared flat
58
What were the new techniques used in Renaissance paintings?
* before the Renaissance artists mixed paint with egg yolk to make it bind but the paint dried very quickly and gave the artist less time to perfect their work, during the Renaissance artists began to add linseed oil rather with dried slower
* painters avoided the flat background look by using a technique called perspective, objects and people at the front were painted larger than those further away, gave an illusion of distance
* used a technique called sfumato to make portraits more lifelike by adding some shading to the skin
59
What was fresco?
This involved painting onto wet plater so that the colours were absorbed into the wall, but the plaster dried quickly so artists has to work fast, to lessen the amount of mist,Ames the artist grew quick sketches called cartoons
60
When and where was Leonardo born?
Near Florence in 1452
61
What was Leonard's school years like?
-attended between the ages of 5-12 but found it unchallenging and spent his time drawing
62
Who was Leonardo apprenticed to?
Andrea del Verocchio
63
How did Leonardo become an apprentice?
His father was impressed by the young boys sketches and showed them to Andrea deal Verocchio
64
What did Andrea deal Verocchio do?
He was not only an artist but a gifted sculptor and goldsmith
65
What did Verocchio teach Leonardo?
He insisted that Leonardo study anatomy
66
What did Leonardo help Verocchio paint?
The baptism of Christ
67
When was Leonardo accepted as a member of the painters guild in Florence?
In 1472 (20 years old)
68
What was Leonardos first patron?
In Milan he worked for Duke Ludovico Sforza
| 1482-1499
69
What were some of Leonardos great works of art during his period of working for Duke Ludovico Sforza?
- the virgin on the rocks
| - the last supper
70
What did Leonardo have in his notebooks?
* fascinated by the ability of birds to fly, drew sketches of helicopters. Hand gliders and a parachute
* acted as a military engineer for Duke Sforza, had plans for machine guns, armoured tank and a cannon that fired mortar bombs
* used mirror writing in notebook
* drew images of body organs
71
Why did Leonardo write in mirror writing?
* may have been to prevent him ideas being copied by others
| * may have been aware that the church was suspicious of scientific explanations and this may have put him in danger
72
What was Leonardos experience with anatomy?
- dissected up to 30 bodies
| - discovered that the heart had valves
73
Why is the momma lisa famous?
-use of sfumato and womans strange smile
74
Why did Leonardo move to Rome?
-hoped to work for the pope but discovered that two of his rivals, Michelangelo and Raphael were already working in the Vatican
75
Where was the last place Leonardo lived?
Accepted an invitation from King Francis I to come to France where he lived until his death in 1519
76
Who was Michelangelo?
A painter, sculptor, architect and poet of the Renaissance period. He preferred sculpting
77
Who was Michelangelo's patron?
Lorenzo de Medici
He lived in the Medici place where he was treated as a member of the family until Lorenzo's death in 1492
78
What were Michelangelo's two most famous statues?
* the Pietà: a statue of Mary holding the dead Christ
| * David: a giant statue of a man that was anatomically correct and showed that Michelangelo had studied anatomy
79
What did Michelangelo do at the request of Pope Julius II?
Moved to Rome in 1505ti paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in the Vatican
80
What was the process of the painting of the Sistine chapel like?
- took 4 years
- he only let the pope see it until it was done
- covered the ceiling with pictures of the bible
81
What did Raphael do at the request of a pope Julius II?
In 1508 he painted the school of Athens which shows the Ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle debating
Famous for its use of perspective
82
What is Raphael famous for?
Madonna Paintings (pictures of Mary holding infant Jesus) these painting were in great demand and made Raphael rich and famous
83
Who was Jan Van Eyck?
One of the first great artists of the Northern European Renaissance
Famous for the Arnolfini Marriage which is very detailed but the perspective was not as good
Was one of the first artists to use oil rather than egg yolk to bind his paint
84
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
One of the greatest German Renaissance artists
| -known for his engravings, which is when a pattern was carved into wood or metal
85
Who greatest Dutch painter in the Renaissance? (people in history on an artist outside of Italy)
Rembrandt van Rijn
86
Backstory of Rembrandt van Rijn?
- born in the town of Leiden
- father was a Miller who had ambitions that his son would follow a professional career
- influenced by Caravaggio so he left university to become an artist
87
What are Rembrandt's painting know for?
The use of rich colours and the way he includes light and shade
88
Where and where did move first?
To Amsterdam 1631 where he lived in Jewish quarter
89
How did Rembrandt make his money?
He was a leading portrait painter in Holland
90
What were some of Rembrandt's most famous works?
- The Anatomy Lesson
| - The Night Watch
91
What was the nigh watch painting of and what was the controversy surrounding it?
- shows a group of city guardsmen preparing to go to work
- rather than painting the guardsmen in a line, Rembrandt wanted to add more action by showing them reading themselves as they prepare to go on duty
- this caused controversy because some people were less visible than other, payment was delayed as a result
- further controversy surrounded the painting when part of the canvas had to be cut off so it could fit on a wall in Amsterdam's town hall
92
What is the night watch famous for?
It's contrasting use of light and darkness
93
What was the first method of printing?
Carried out using block print. This involved carving a block of wood with words that covering it in ink.
94
What was the second method of printing?
Moveable type;
-individual letters were made separately from metal which were then placed in a special frame to hold the words together, once the page was printed the metal letters could be removed and reset to print the next page
95
Who invented moveable type?
Johann Gutenburg
96
Why did Italian printers use italic?
The print was smaller so the printer could place more words per page and books became smaller and cheaper as a result
97
What was humanism?
Literature that showed a great interest in the philosophy of humans
98
Who were some great humanist writers?
* Thomas Moore
| * Erasmus
99
What did Thomas Moore write about?
His most famous book utopia describes an imaginary land where life is perfect
100
What did Erasmus write about?
Although he was an Augustinian priest he spent much of his time critic in the corruption within the Catholic Church
101
What language did most European writers write in before the Renaissance?
Latin, the language of the church and the educated
102
Back story of William Shakespeare
- born in Stratford-on-Avon
- at age 18 married Anne Hathaway
- moved to London to become an actor
103
What were successful actors encouraged to do during the Renaissance?
Write their own plays
104
What did Shakespeare do before writing his own plays?
He rewrote old plays,adding extra scenes and bringing them up to date
105
How many plays did Shakespeare write?
37
106
What are some examples of Shakespeare's plays?
- a midsummer's night's dreams
- much ado about nothing
- macbeth
- Romeo and Juliet
107
What was Shakespeare's theatre like?
called The Glob
- round, wooden building with an open air stage in the middle
- could hold up to 2000 people
- most people bought tickets to the standing area as the seats in the covered gallery cost more
108
What was Shakespeare famous for (besides his plays)
Writing sonnets
109
When did Shakespeare die?
1616
110
How were illnesses treated during the medieval period?
- bloodletting:involved letting out a small amount of blood by cutting a vein
- leeches were uses to suck the patients blood
111
Examples of famous Renaissance doctors
- Andreas Vesalius
| - William Harvey
112
What did Andreas Vesalius do?
Published "On the fabric of the human body" which was based on knowledge he gained from dissecting bodies
113
What did William Harvey do?
Discovered that the heart was like a pump and its main function was to send blood around the body
114
What were people taught about the universe before the Renaissance?
People were taught Ptolemy's theory, that the other planets revolved around Earth
115
Who first challenged Ptolemy's theory>
Nicklaus Copernicus but fearing criticism from the church he kept his theories secret and only published them on his deathbed
116
What were Galileo's main discoveries?
* discovered that objects fall at the same speed no matter their mass
* Galileo heard that a Dutch spectacle maker had discovered that two lenses could be used to magnify objects at a distance, using this knowledge he created a telescope
117
What did he discover after creating the telescope?
He discovered the moon faced the sun at different angles at different times, leading him to believe that Copernicus was right
118
What book did Galileo publish declaring his support for Copernicus?
"Dialogue on the two chief world systems"
119
What happened to Galileo after publishing his book?
He was put on trial at the Inquisition and forced to withdraw his claim to save his life
120
What were the effects of the Renaissance?
* they questioned traditional ideas
* encouraged people to travel more and discover new lands
* information became more accessible after the printing press
