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Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

microorganisms use nutrients from their environmnt to produce macromolecules and chemicals required for (3)

A

growth, survival and replication

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2
Q

what is catabolism

A

generation of ATP and reducing power (NADH) from nutrients. By- products catabolism may be used as precursors molecules for anabolism

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3
Q

what is anabolism

A

poduction of macromolecules from building block and energy (ATP). Reducing power is provided by NADH

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4
Q

3 products from catabolism where 2 can be used by anabolism

A
  1. lost heat
    * can be used by anabolism:
  2. useful forms of energy
  3. the many building blocks for biosynthesis
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5
Q

7 essentials nutrients and their % for all microorganisms

A 
C 50%
O 17%
N 13%
H 8,2%
P 2,5%
S 1,8%
Se less than 0,01%
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6
Q

5 essential cations and anions for most microorganism

A 
Na
Cl
Mg
K
Ca
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7
Q

what are the macromolecular composition of a cell + their % of dry weight (6)

A
  1. protein, 55%
  2. lipid, 9,1%
  3. polysaccharide, 5,0% (in peptidoglycan)
  4. lipopolysaccharide, 3,4% (on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria)
  5. DNA, 3,1%
  6. RNA, (20,5%)
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8
Q

difference between a defined and a complex culture medium

A

in defined, we exactly know the components and the quantity of each nutrients
in complex, we know approximatively, but not exactly sure of every quantity

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9
Q

why leuconostoc mesenteroides is a fastidious organism

A

because it has vey specific nutrient demands because they have a lot of things they can’t make by themeselves

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10
Q

what is activation energy

A

energy needed to put all molecules in a reactive state

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11
Q

what is a catalyst

A

substance that lowers the activation energy, it does not affect the free energy, affects the rate

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12
Q

redox couples always written so that ______ form on the left, _______ form on the right

A

oxidized

reduced

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13
Q

the chemical reaction of the couple reaction releases energy but the how much energy that is released depends on what

A

the difference in reduction potential between the donor and the acceptor (the bigger is the difference, the bigger the enrgy released will be)

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14
Q

complete name of NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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15
Q

5 energy-rich compund

A 
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Aceytl CoA
glucose 6-phosphate
phosphoenolpyruvate
acetyl phosphate
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16
Q

what are the three basic catabolic pathways that are required in most organisms to produce all of the precursors (carbon compounds and energy) needed for anabolism

A
  1. glycolytic pathway (glycolysis, Embden-Meyerhof pathway)
  2. pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate pathway)
  3. tricarboxylic acid pathway (TCA, citric acid circle, Krebs cycle)
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17
Q

2 possibilities for ATP synthesis

A
  1. fermentation: organic compunds are electron acceptor and electron donors. ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. respiration: organic compunds are oxidized to CO2 with O2 (or substitue) as the electron acceptor. most of the ATP is produced by oxydative phosphorylation.
18
Q

3 stages of glycolysis

A
  1. use energy (ATP) to create high energy molecules
  2. take advatange of the high energy molecules to create ATP
    * * net yield of 2 ATP , 2 NADH + H+ and 2 pyruvates
  3. fermentation: regeneration of NAD+ by creating waste product such as ethanol and lactate
19
Q

2 ways that we can use GTP in the citric acid cycle

A
  1. can be used to phosphorylate ADP to create ATP

2. can be used for anabolic reactions

20
Q

2 functions of TCA cycle

A

it has both energetic and biosynthetic functions (oxaloacetate must be regenerated (anapleurotic pathway), otherwise the TCA cycle will stop

21
Q

the net effect of TCA cycle is the complete oxidation of the acetyl group of the acetyl-coA and the production of (4)

A

2 CO2
1 GTP (ATP)
3 NADH
1 FADH2

22
Q

difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic: O2 is the final electron acceptor
anaerobic: other compunds act as terminal electrons acceptor, under anoxic conditions

23
Q

name of the process that uses the energy produced by respiration to synthesize ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

what is a respiratory chain

A

series of hydrogen and electron carriers that can undergo oxidation-reduction

25
Q

composition of complex 1

A

NADH dehydrogenase, FMN (hydrogen carrier), Fe-S center (electron carrier)

26
Q

what is Q

A

quinone, hydrogen carrier

27
Q

what is complex 2

A

succinate dehydrogenase, FAD (hydrogen carrier)

28
Q

what is complex 3

A

cytochrome bc1, Fe-S (electron carrier)

29
Q

what is cytochrome c

A

electron carrier

30
Q

what is complex 4

A

electron carrier, terminal oxidase

31
Q

in eukaryotes, where are the electron transport chain and the TCA enzymes

A

transport chain: in the mitochondria

TCA enzymes: inside the mitochondria

32
Q

the proton motive force is used to drive other energy requiring reactions (3)

A
  1. flagellum rotation (in bacteria)
  2. transport accross the membrane
  3. synthesized of ATP
33
Q

how many protons are necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

A

3-4

34
Q

what are the physical and the chemical components of the proton motive force (pmf)

A

physical: membrane potential (mV)
chemical: transmembrane pH gradient

35
Q

why some bacteria (even if they don’t do oxidative phosphorylation) still have ATPase

A

because ATPase are reversible so they can used it to generate a proton motive force

36
Q

net yield of energy in the glycolysis

A

8 ATP

  • substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP
  • oxidative phosphorylation: (2NADH= 6 ATP)
37
Q

net yield of energy in the citric acid cycle

A

15 ATP x 2 = 30 ATP

  • substrale-level phosphorylation = 1 GTP (ATP)
  • oxidative phosphorylation (4 NADH = 12 ATP + 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP donc 14 ATP)
38
Q

total of net yield of energy

A

38 ATP

39
Q

what happens to the succinate if there is no terminal electron acceptor

A

the succinate can’t be oxidize by the succinate dehydrogenase in the respiratory chain

40
Q

net yield of ATP in fermentation

A

2 ATP

41
Q

in the absence of oxygen, how the grow of the yeast is affected

A

the yeast population grows very slowly because fermentation yields only a fraction of ATP produced by respiration

42
Q

example of fermentation

A

in yeast, production of ethanol and CO2 is inversely proportional to the concentration of oxygen

Microbiology (25 decks)

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