Chapter 5 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What type of replication does Hyper-V Replica use?
A
Manual asynchronous
2
Q
What Hyper-V feature is Hyper-V Replica based on?
A
Checkpoints
3
Q
What feature must be configured to use Hyper-V Replica with more than 2 servers?
A
Extended Replication
4
Q
What type of authentication transmits Hyper-V Replica traffic unencrypted?
A
Kerberos (HTTP)
5
Q
What type of authentication transmits Hyper-V Replica traffic encrypted?
A
Certificate-Based Authentication (HTTPS)
6
Q
What PowerShell cmdlet is used to enable Hyper-V Replica?
A
Set-VmReplicationServer
7
Q
What firewall rules must be changed on the replica server to allow traffic from the primary server?
A
Hyper-V Replica HTTP Listener (TCP-In) [for Kerberos] or Hyper-V Replica HTTPS Listener (TCP-In) [for certificate-based authentication]
8
Q
What three options are available for initial replication?
A
Send over network, copy to external media, or use an existing VM
9
Q
What Hyper-V feature makes it possible to move a Hyper-V VM from one host to another with almost no service disruption?
A
Live Migration
10
Q
How do you use Failover Clustering with Hyper-V?
A
Start the New Virtual Machine Wizard from Failover Cluster Manager
11
Q
What two performance options are available for Live Migrations?
A
TCP/IP (useful on standard LANs) and SMB (better if you have a dedicated storage network)
12
Q
What PowerShell commands are used to enable Live Migration?
A
Enable-VmMigration; Set-VmMigrationNetwork; Set-VmHost -VirtualMachineMigrationAuthenticationType; Set-VmHost -VirtualMachineMigrationPerformanceOption
13
Q
What PowerShell cmdlet is used to trigger a Live Migration?
A
Move-VM
14
Q
What is Shared Nothing Live Migration?
A
Live Migration that does not require shared external storage
15
Q
What are the requirements for Shared Nothing Live Migration?
A
VMs must be on same domain, same CPU family, use gigabit network, and identical virtual switches with the same name
16
Q
What are the two authentication protocols are available for Live Migration?
A
Credential Security Support Provider (CredSSP) and Kerberos
17
Q
What is the default authentication protocol for Live Migration?
A
CredSSP
18
Q
What configuration is required to use Kerberos for Live Migration?
A
The server must be configured for constrained delegation
19
Q
What two services must be enabled to use Kerberos for Live Migration?
A
CIFS and Microsoft Virtual System Migration Service
20
Q
What are the limits of Failover Clustering?
A
64 servers, 8,000 VMs, and 1,024 VMs per node
21
Q
What are the requirements for Microsoft to support a server with Failover Clustering?
A
All hardware and software components in the cluster nodes must meet the qualifications for the Certified for Windows Server 2016 logo
22
Q
What are two types of dedicated networks recommended for Failover Clustering?
A
Dedicated networks for cluster and storage traffic
23
Q
What tools can verify if servers are eligible to be in a Failover Cluster?
A
Validate Cluster Wizard or the Test-Cluster cmdlet
24
Q
What tools can be used to create a Failover Cluster?
A
Create Cluster Wizard or the New-Cluster cmdlet
25
What type of object is created in Active Directory for a cluster?
Cluster Name Object (CNO)
26
What account setup is required for a Failover Cluster that does not use AD?
Identical local accounts must be set up on each server
27
What registry key must be set when creating non-Administrator local accounts for a Failover Cluster?
LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy
28
What DNS settings are required for a Failover Cluster that doesn’t use AD?
All nodes must have the same DNS suffix
29
What PowerShell option is required when creating a Failover Cluster that does not use AD?
-AdministrativeAccessPoint DNS
30
What is the function of quorum in a Failover Cluster?
To make sure that nodes do not go into a split-brain situation where they update out-of-sync, by making sure that 50% +1 nodes can see each other at all times
31
What are the three types of quorum witnesses in a Failover Cluster?
Disk Witness (dedicated disk in shared storage), File Share Witness (SMB share with Witness.log file), and Cloud Witness (Azure blob)
32
What type of quorum witness is best for a single site?
Disk Witness
33
What type of quorum witness is best for clusters spanning multiple sites?
File Share Witness
34
What type of quorum witness provides independence from all sites?
Cloud Witness
35
What tools can be used to modify a cluster quorum?
Configure Cluster Quorum Wizard or the Set-ClusterQuorum cmdlet
36
What are the four types of network traffic that should be separated for a cluster?
Client communication, cluster communication (heartbeats), iSCSI, and Live Migration
37
What are some network hardware recommendations to increase high availability?
Use separate network adapters of different brands, separate switches, and redundant network connections or NIC Teaming
38
How are networks automatically configured for cluster?
Networks with iSCSI traffic are disabled for cluster communication, networks with no default gateway are designated for cluster communications only, networks with a default gateway are configured for client and cluster communication
39
How do you configure a cluster network for client and/or cluster communication via PowerShell?
(Get-ClusterNetwork “networkname”).role =1 # 0 disables cluster communication, 1 enables cluster communication only, 3 enables client and cluster communication
40
What part of a cluster can Windows Backup back up?
The cluster database, limited options for Cluster Shared Volumes (CSVs)
41
What two types of restores are possible for a cluster?
Non-authoritative: restores the database to be overwritten by the cluster; Authoritative: Restores the database as the reference for the cluster
42
What tool is used to restore a cluster database?
wbadmin, GUI is unavailable
43
What are some shared storage technologies supported by Server 2016?
Fibre channgel, serial attached SCSI (SAS), and iSCSI
44
What is the cheapest form of shared storage?
iSCSI
45
What are the minimum requirements for creating a storage pool?
Three disks of at least 4 GB capacity each
46
What tool is used to apply Windows updates to clustered nodes?
Cluster-Aware Updating (CAU)
47
What is the name for the node that manages cluster updates?
Update Coordinator
48
What are two modes used by an Update Coordinator?
Self-updating and remote updating
49
What is required for a node to act as an Update Coordinator?
The Failover Clustering tools (the Failover Clustering feature is not required by remote updating nodes)
50
Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to verify that a cluster is ready for updates?
Test-CauSetup
51
Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to set up Cluster-Aware Updating?
Add-CauClusterRole
52
Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to trigger Cluster-Aware Updating?
Invoke-CauRun
53
What method can be used to perform OS upgrades on nodes in a cluster?
Cluster Operating System Rolling Upgrade
54
What OS upgrade paths are possible with cluster upgrades?
Server 2012 R2 to Server 2016
55
What is the process of a Cluster Operating System Rolling Upgrade?
Pause the node, migrate its workload, evict it from the cluster, perform a clean OS install, configure network and storage connections, install Failover Clustering, add the node back into the cluster, reimplement the cluster workload
56
Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to raise the functional level of a cluster after all the nodes have been upgraded to a new OS?
Update-ClusterFunctionalLevel
57
Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to add a disk to a Failover Cluster?
Add-ClusterDisk
58
What type of volume can be simultaneously mounted on multiple nodes?
Cluster Shared Volume (CSV)
59
What type of filesystem does a cluster shared volume use?
CSVFS, which acts as a layer on top of NTFS to prevent filesystem corruption
60
What volume management options are exclusive to the owner of a cluster shared volume?
Formatting, shrinking, and deleting
61
Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to add a cluster shared volume to a node?
Add-ClusterSharedVolume
62
What is a feature of cluster shared volumes that can improve read performance?
Block caching
63
What is the default cache size of a cluster shared volume?
0, which leaves it effectively disabled
64
What is the maximum size that a cluster shared volume cache can be set to?
80% of system memory
65
How do you enable a clustered shared volume cache?
Use PowerShell to set the size in megabytes, with the command (Get-Cluster).blockcachesize = 512
66
What is a cluster’s administrative access point?
The name by which it is accessed, typically a cluster name object (CNO)
67
What is a cluster VCO?
Virtual computer object, created as a client access point
68
What kind of cluster uses DNS instead of AD for client access points?
Active Directory-detached cluster
69
What clustered role provides highly available storage for applications?
Scale-out File Server (SoFS)
70
What is the difference between SofS and a file server intended for general use?
SoFS is active/active, meaning that files are accessible from all nodes, instead of active/passive, where nodes failover to each other
71
How does SoFS increase the efficiency of a cluster?
The combined bandwidth of all the nodes increases filesystem I/O
72
How can you create an SoFS share with PowerShell?
Use the New-SmbShare cmdlet with the -ContinuouslyAvailable option, and then use Set-SmbPathAcl to match the folder’s filesystem permissions with those of the share
73
What file management options are exclusive to the owner of a CSV?
Open, close, create, and rename
74
What are some recommended applications for SoFS?
Hyper-V and SQL, because they open large files and leave them open for long periods
75
What performance benefits do general file server clusters have over SoFS ones?
The owner node in an SoFS can be a bottleneck for the many metadata operations that a general file server cluster can spread out to other nodes
76
What is created by a combination of Storage Spaces and Failover Clustering?
Clustered Storage Spaces
77
What kind of storage is required for Clustered Storage Spaces
SAS JBOD arrays that do not replicate Storage Spaces features, such as RAID
78
What feature allow for replicating volumes for disaster recovery purposes?
Storage Replica
79
What is an isolated cluster node?
A node that is not actively a member of a cluster, but still has a role, usually happens during a transient failure
80
What is a quarantined cluster node?
A node drained of its roles and removed from the cluster for a period after it has left and reentered the cluster three times in an hour
81
What are the possible values of ResiliencyLevel?
1 = use isolation only if node supplies reason, 2 = (default) use isolation to allow node time to recover
82
What is the ResiliencyDefaultPeriod and what is its default value?
Defines how long nodes in the whole cluster can remain isolated, default value is 240 seconds
83
How can the default resiliency period be overridden for a particular cluster group?
(Get-ClusterGroup “groupname”).ResiliencyPeriod = 240
84
How can you define the number of failures a node can sustain before it is put in quarantine?
(Get-Cluster).QuarantineThreshold = 3 # Default value
85
How can you specify the length of time a node remains in quarantine?
(Get-Cluster).QuarantineDuration = 7200 # Default value
86
What is the acronym S2D stand for?
Storage Spaces Direct
87
Which edition of Windows Server includes Storage Spaces Direct?
Server 2016 Datacenter
88
How many nodes can be in a Storage Spaces Direct cluster?
16
89
How many drives can be in a Storage Spaces Direct cluster?
400
90
What are the disk requirements for Storage Spaces Direct?
Recommended minimum of 2 SSDs and 4 HDDs, no RAID or partitions
91
What communication protocols are used by Storage Spaces Direct?
SMB3 (including Direct and Multichannel) and RDMA
92
What are Microsoft’s networking recommendations for Storage Spaces Direct?
At least two 10 Gbps Ethernet adapters per node that use RDMA
93
How do you turn on Storage Spaces Direct?
Use the Enable-ClusterStorageSpacesDirect PowerShell cmdlet
94
What tasks does the Enable-ClusterStorageSpacesDirect cmdlet perform?
Looks for local unpartitioned disks, creates caches based on disk type and connection, and creates a disk pool
95
What steps are required to use Storage Spaces Direct with failover clustering?
Create a cluster with no storage using the -NoStorage parameter of the New-Cluster cmdlet, then enable S2D, after which the storage will become available to the cluster
96
What is the designated application for Storage Spaces Direct?
Supporting a Hyper-V cluster
97
What are Microsoft’s two deployment scenarios for using Storage Spaces Direct with Hyper-V clusters?
Disaggregated/converged deployment (separate storage and Hyper-V clusters), and hyper-converged
98
What are the advantages of a disaggregated deployment of Storage Spaces Direct?
It allows the storage cluster and Hyper-V cluster to scale independently
99
What are the advantages of a hyper-converged Storage Spaces Direct and Hyper-V cluster?
It is cheaper to implement, since you only need one cluster of nodes
100
What is SMB Transparent Failover?
Allows a client session to be transferred between cluster nodes without interruption, requires SMB 3 available on Server 2012 and Windows 8 minimum
101
What is SMB Scale-Out?
Enables shares to be accessible from all nodes simultaneously, increasing bandwidth, requires SMB 2
102
What is SMB Multichannel?
Enables file servers to combine bandwidth from multiple network adapters automatically
103
What is SMB Direct?
Uses RDMA to perform direct memory-to-memory transfers between remote systems, minimizing CPU usage, requires SMB 3
104
What is SMB Encryption?
Provides end-to-end AES encryption between servers and clients using SMB 3
105
What are the requirements to use VM Monitoring with Failover Clustering?
VM must be on same domain as the Hyper-V host, Windows Firewall must have inbound rules for Virtual Machine Monitoring group enabled, and the Hyper-V cluster admin must be a member of the local admin group on the VM
106
How can you configure cluster VM monitoring using PowerShell?
Add-ClusterVmMonitoredItedm -VirtualMachine -Service
107
What technology allows for a Failover Cluster to determine the location of nodes?
Site-aware failover clustering
108
How do you enable site-aware failover clustering?
Use the New-ClusterFaultDomain cmdlet to designate a failover site, then use the Set-ClusterFaultDomain cmdlet to add nodes to the site
109
What is failover affinity?
Describes a failover cluster’s default behavior of failing over to nodes on the same site first
110
What parameters can be set to account for heartbeat latency in multi-site clusters?
CrossSiteDelay (time delay between sending heartbeats) and CrossSiteThreshold (number of missed heartbeats before site is marked failed)
111
How can the preferred site of a multi-site cluster be set?
(Get-Cluster).preferredsite = sitename
112
How can node fairness be enabled/disabled in PowerShell?
(Get-Cluster).AutoBalancerMode = 0 (disabled), 1 (balance when node joins), or 2 (balance when node joins and every 30 minutes, default)
113
How can the aggressiveness of node fairness be set using PowerShell?
(Get-Cluster).AutoBalancerLevel = 1 (low, migrates when 80% loaded), 2 (medium, 70%), and 3 (high, 60%)
114
Which PowerShell cmdlet initates a live migration for a cluster?
Move-ClusterVirtualMachineRole
115
In what situation would it make sense to use quick migration over live migration?
When a VM is stopped
116
What is not moved during a Live Migration?
The VM’s storage
117
When importing a VM, what is an important step to prevent conflicts?
Use the -GenerateNewId parameter of Import-VM to generate a new SID
118
What feature ensures that a VM on a cluster has a working connection to a designated network?
Network health protection
119
Which PowerShell cmdlet drains the roles from a VM node?
Suspend-ClusterNode
120
How can you prevent nodes from draining their roles before shutdown?
(Get-Cluster).DrainOnShutdown = 0
121
How many hosts are supported by Network Load Balancing (NLB)?
2 to 32
122
What are servers called in Failover Clustering versus Network Load Balancing?
Failover clusters have nodes, while NLB clusters have hosts
123
What is the NLB process for determining how to spread load across hosts?
Convergence
124
What are the network requirements for NLB?
All hosts in an NLB cluster must be on the same subnet have static IP addresses
125
What is the best way to gain cross-site fault tolerance with NLB?
Use NLB on each site, then use techniques such as DNS round robin to balance requests between sites
126
How can you configure NLB to track and route sessions between individual clients and servers?
Set affinity to “single”
127
Which NLB setting determines how much traffic is handled by a host?
Load weight
128
What are the two NLB Cluster Operation Modes?
Unicast and multicast
129
What special configuration should be applied when using the unicast mode of NLB?
Add a second network adapter with a unique MAC address to enable host-to-host communication, since every host in an NLB cluster normally has the same MAC address
130
What configuration is applied by NLB multicast mode so multiple adapters are not needed?
NLB adds a second multicast MAC address to the network adapter, in addition to its standard one
