Chapter 5-8 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
A
- transports stuff
- protective (immune-wbc)
- homeostasis (temp, ph balance, fluid regulation
2
Q
What is the line where blood flows? Starting with the heart
A
Heart Artery Arteriole Capillary Venule Vein Back to the heart
3
Q
Carries blood away from the heart
A
Artery
4
Q
This is where exchange takes place.
They are only in one cell diameter
A
Capillary
5
Q
Carries blood to the heart
A
Venule and veins
6
Q
What are the differences between red veins and blue veins
A
Red veins carries oxygen
Blue veins carry deoxygenated blood
7
Q
How many layers does veins and artistries have
A
3 layers: endothelium, middle layer, then the outer layer
*arteries have a thicker middle layer than veins
8
Q
Cardiac muscle that is striated, always contracts
A
Myocardium
9
Q
Connect adjacent muscle cells, only exists in the cardiac
A
Intercalated disks
10
Q
Sac containing the heart
A
Pericardium
11
Q
What are the differences between the atria and the ventricles
A
Atria are the upper chambers that recurved blood from the body or lungs. Contains thinner walls
Ventricles are the lower chambers that send blood to body or lungs. Contains thicker walls
12
Q
What is the main purpose of valves
A
Prevents blood from going backwards
13
Q
Oxygen rich blood to body
A
Systemic circuit
14
Q
Oxygen poor blood to lungs
A
Pulmonary
15
Q
Veins go to body tissue not the heart
A
Hepatic partial system
16
Q
What is the function of the hepatic partial system
A
To detoxify food substances from the intestinal arteries
17
Q
Prevent AV valves from inverting into atrium during muscle contraction
A
Chordae tendinae (heart strings)
18
Q
Supplies blood to the heart
A
Coronary vessels
19
Q
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
A
Systole means contraction
Diastole means relaxation
20
Q
Explain the cardiac cycle
A
Starts at the ventricular systole
AV valves closed and contracts
Diastole occurs
21
Q
Electrically active
Stimulates cardiac muscle to contract
Starts with SA node to AV nodes then to purkinjie fibers
A
Nodal tissue
22
Q
Electrical activity in the internal heart
A
Action potential
23
Q
Cardiac pacemaker, initiates cycle in the atrium
A
SA nodes
24
Q
Gets excited by the SA node signal
Excites the purkinjie fibers
Initiates the contraction
A
AV node
25
What are the extrinsic control of the heart?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic in the nervous system
26
Stimulates the heart, increases the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Sympathetic
27
Slows and relaxed heart rate. Vice Versa of sympathetic
Parasympathetic
28
What are two things that affect movement in substances
Blood pressure
| Osmotic pressure or net filtration
29
What are primary factors in cardiovascular disease
Diet, obesity, age, gender, race, hereditary, stress, smoking, inactive lifestyles, alcohol consumption
30
What is the secondary factor in cardiovascular disease
Endocrine disease like diabetes
31
Cholesterol and fat clogging the arteries
Hardening of the arteries
Plaques dorm inside large medium vessels
All of these are symptoms of?
Atherosclerosis
32
What are some contributions to plaque formation
Injury to endothelial cells (high blood pressure, diabetes)
| Cigarette smoke
33
What is the difference between thrombus and embolism
Thrombus is stationary blood clots
| Embolism are deathly blood clots
34
Floyd accumulation and can be very painful
Deep vein thrombus
35
Weak valves allow blood to slide back down the veins
Varicose veins
36
Blocked coronary arteries which can cause a heart attack
Coronary bypass
37
They are stents for treatment in blocked vessels
Angioplasty
38
Swelling due to weakened vessel walls
Aneurysm
39
Stabilizes irregular heart beat
In SA node, takes over electrical activity
In AV node, sets heart rate
Pacemakers
40
What is an another word for high blood pressure
Hypertension
41
Abnormal heart sounds
| Valves don’t closed completely and causes back flow blood into atrium or ventricle
Heart murmurs
42
Liquid tissue
Blood
43
What are the functions of blood?
Transporting oxygen, amino acids, glucose, plasma proteins, metabolic wastes
Defense against pathogens
Homeostasis in thermoregulation, ph, and fluid regulation
44
What is blood consist of
55% plasma
45% formed elements (cells and platelets)
Platelets are not cell fragments
45
What does water consist of
```
Majority is water
Solutes
Proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Antibodies
```
46
What does formed elements consist of and where does is it come from
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Formed elements are from red bone marrow
47
Explain the importance of red bone marrow
Red bone marrow has stem cells that have various types of blood cells. Can be used to fight cancer
48
What are stem cells
Ability to divide in culture for indefinite periods of time
| Is a pluripotent which means rise to more than one cell type
49
What is an another word for red blood cells
Erthrocyte
50
What are the characteristics of rbc’s
No nuclei
Very few organelles
Live only about 120 days
90% hemoglobin
51
What is the main function of RBCs
CO2 transport
52
Why is carbon monoxide deadly
Bonds to hemoglobin tightly. No oxygen transport. No ATP is equal to a dead person
53
What is another word for white blood cells
Leukocytes
54
What are the functions of wbc’s
To fight pathogens
Against inflammation
Fight against allergic responses
55
What are some classifications of white blood cells
```
Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
```
56
What are B cells and T cells
They are under lymphocytes
They make antibodies
Attack me mark diseased or foreign cells
57
What are platelets
They are not cells, they are fragments of megakaryocytes
| Function in blood clotting
58
Define vasoconstriction
It limits blood loss
Narrows and squeeze shut
Direct damage to smooth muscles
59
Explain the positive feedback loop in platelet plug formation
1. Chemicals activate platelets
2. Platelet sticks together
3. Release more chemicals
4. Activates more platelets
60
What is the main stage that you need to know in blood clotting
Prothrombin will become thrombin which are fibrin blood clot function
61
This is hereditary clotting disease. Mutations occur in the clotting factor
Hemophilia
62
Symptom where there is a reduced number of O2 carrying capacity
Decreased number of RBC and hemoglobin
Impaired vitamin b12
Anemia
63
Excess number of RBC
Blood gets thick
Side effect of blood doping
Polycythemia (extra credit)
64
Virus-Epstein-Barr
Infected lymphocytes
Also known as kissing disease
Monomeleosis
65
White blood cell cancer that can be treated with stem cells
Leukemia
66
No B or T lymphocytes in the system
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)
67
This includes fluid regulation, fat absorption from intestines, and defend against pathogens
Lymphatic system
68
Source of all red blood cells
| Include lymphocytes
Red bone marrow
69
Source of hormones needed for T cell development test T cells for reactivity with self cells
Thymus gland
70
Filters lymph
Contain macrophages
B and t lymphocytes can be found
All lymph passes through these to be filtered before going to the heart
Lymph nodes
71
Filters blood
| Contains macrophages and b and t lymphocytes
Spleen
72
Filters oral cavity and pathogens in the throat
Tonsils
73
Explain what the immune system does
1. Protects against pathogens
| 2. Destroys diseased cells
74
```
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Protozoans
Fungi
Insects
All of these are
```
Pathogens
75
Infectious proteins
Goes under shape change
Cause mad cow disease
Also called Jakob disease
Prions
76
What is the difference between bacteria and viruses
Bacteria is larger averaging between 2-20 micrometers. They are prokaryotic cells with a plasmid, flagellum, capsule, etc. Can be treated with antibiotics
Viruses are smaller, not alive, but contains DNA and RNA proteins. Antibiotics are ineffective
77
Strep throat
Tuberculosis
Sexually transmitted disease
All of these are...
Common bacterial diseases
78
What is the differences between non specific (innate) and specific (acquired) immune responses
Non specific are more general, continuously active, clears wounds, and promotes tissue healing
Specific is towards one specific pathogen, must be activated, slow response, and can retain memory
79
Define the first line of defense in the immune system
```
First is the physical and chemical barriers to entry. All Of these is under non specific They can be
Tears
Salvia
Sweat
Stomach
Lysozyme
Skin and mucus membranous
```
80
Describe the second line of defense
Phagocytes eat foreign things
NK cells can occur
Defense proteins=protective proteins=cytokines ...
81
Another name for natural killer
| They are special t lymphocytes, active nonspecifically calls, kill virus infected cells, cancer cells
NK cells (extra credit)
82
An alert signal to cells of a virus. Prevents virus replicating
Recruits NK cells and macrophages
Interferon
83
What are complement proteins
A defense protein that can recognize bacteria
| Forms MAC membrane attack complex
84
What are the stimuli’s for inflammation
```
Impact
Abrasion
Distortion
Chemical irritation
Infection be pathogens
Extreme temperatures
```
85
Explain the third line of defense
Third line of defense includes specific immune responses.
| T cells and B cells kick in
86
Cell mediated immunity
T cells
87
Antibody mediated
B cells
88
Recognized as foreign molecules by the immune system
| Will recognize the protein particles of each bacteria
Antigens
89
These are self proteins that no one else can have
MHC major histocompatibility complex proteins
90
How does b and T cells recognizes antigens
Through their own specific receptors
91
Describe clonal selection
When the population of the receptor cell for that specific antigen multiplies. This is considered as a memory cell
92
What’s the major difference between b and T cells
B cells contain antibodies where antigen binding occurs.
They can either create memory B cells or plasma B cells
Only binds to specific shapes
93
How can antigens be destroyed
Through neutralized, phagocytosis, or complement (MAC)
94
Contrast between active and passive immunity
In active response,
Individual produces the response which creates memory cells
Can be initiated with a vaccine
In passive response,
Individual receives antibodies from another source l, therefore, no memory cells
95
Induced immune response by using antigens from pathogens
Vaccines
96
Hypersensitivity response to immune system
Allergies
97
Massive histamine response in pollen
Hay fever
98
Immediate and potentially fatal response to bee stings, penicillin shots
Anaphylactic shock
99
No t or B cells
No immunity
Treatment is bone marrow transplant
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease SCID
100
Type A antigen
| Type B antibodies
type A blood
101
Type B antigen
| Type A antibodies
Type B blood
102
Does not have a or b antibodies
| Universal recipient
Type AB blood
103
Has no antigens, however, makes a and b antibodies
| Universal Donor however can only receive their own type of blood
Type O
104
Chemical mediator
| Released by damaged tissue cells and mast cells
Histamine
105
Secreting chemical mediators
| attracts more white blood cells including monocytes
Cytokines
106
Derived from long lines monocytes
| Helps lymphocytes to carry out specific defense mechanisms
Macrophages
