Chapter 5 Flashcards
(12 cards)
What are two other names for respondent conditioning?
- Pavlovian conditioning
- classical conditioning
What are three characteristics of respondent behavior?
○ respondent behaviors, which are behaviors that are :
- (a) elicited by prior stimuli and are not affected by their consequences
- (b) referred to as involuntary
- (c) usually involve smooth muscles and glands.
Define conditioned reflex and describe an example.
○ A conditioned reflex is a stimulus–response relationship in which a stimulus elicits a response because of prior respondent conditioning.
Example: If a salivation response were in fact conditioned to the opening motif of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, that stimulus–response relationship would be referred to as a conditioned reflex.
Define and give an example of the following: unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
○ Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning
Example: Food
○ Unconditioned Response: A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
Example: Salivation
○ Conditioned Stimulus: The stimulus in a conditioned reflex
Example: Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony
○ Conditioned Response: The response in a conditioned reflex
Example: Salivation
Briefly, in a sentence each, describe five variables that influence the development of a conditioned reflex.
The variables that influence the development of a conditioned reflex are amount of pairings, time the pairing occurs, consiestiency between pairings, and the pairings are strong.
Diagram an example of higher-order conditioning.
Describe three examples of conditioned reflexes, one for each of these categories: digestion, circulation, and respiration
Digestion
DigestionExample:
A student experiences butterflies in the stomach (a CR) before giving a talk in class (a CS)
CirculationExample:
Feeling embarrassed in a social setting, overhearing risqué topics discussed, having socially inappropriate thoughts—are all CSs for blushing in many individuals as blood flows to the outer layers of the skin.
RespirationExample:
Suppose a person’s aunt, who visits rarely, happens to visit when that person suffers an asthma attack. The aunt might become a CS for the coughing and wheezing characteristic of an asthmatic reaction.
What is biological preparedness? Give an example.
biological preparedness: to refer to the predisposition of members of a species to be more readily conditioned to some neutral stimuli as CSs than to others.
Example:
- Conditioned taste aversion
- Having evolved the strong tendency for taste to be conditioned to nausea greatly decreases the chances that one will repeatedly consume food that causes illness and perhaps death.
Define respondent stimulus generalization. Give an example.
Respondent stimulus generalization: occurs when an organism has been conditioned so that a particular CS elicits a CR, and then a similar stimulus elicits that CR.
Example:
- while the dentist is drilling a cavity, you experience pain. The dentist’s drill is likely to become a CS causing you to cringe. Later at the meat market you hear the sound of the butcher’s cutting machine, you feel yourself cringing.
Define respondent stimulus discrimination. Give an example.
- respondent stimulus discrimination: a stimulus functions as a CS to elicit a CR because that stimulus has been paired with a US that elicits that CR, but a similar stimulus does not function as a CS for that CR because the second stimulus has been paired with extinction trials.
- sight of a wild wolf came to elicit fear in a child, but the sight of a pet dog gradually did not do so
What are three characteristics of operant behavior? Give an example.
operant behavior: behavior that
(a) affects or “operates on” the environment to produce consequences, and which is, in turn, influenced by those consequences;
(b) is referred to as voluntary; and (c) usually involves skeletal muscles.
Example: putting gas in your car, asking for directions, writing an exam, turning on a computer and making breakfast.
What is operant conditioning? Give an example.
Operant conditioning: is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences.
Example: through operant conditioning, we have learned to turn on a water tap to produce water and not to touch a hot stove because of the pain following past instances of doing so
