Chapter 5

Question 1

Superior

Answer 1

Positioned above a point of reference

Question 2

Anatomical

Answer 2

Reference Position in which the body is standing erect with the feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward.

Question 3

Inferior

Answer 3

Positioned below a point of reference

Question 4

Proximal

Answer 4

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

Question 5

Distal

Answer 5

Positioned fares test from the center of the body, or point of reference

Question 6

Anterior ( aka ventral)

Answer 6

On the front of the body

Question 7

Posterior ( aka dorsal)

Answer 7

On the back of the body

Question 8

Medial

Answer 8

Positioned near the middle of the body

Question 9

Lateral

Answer 9

Positioned towards the outside of the body

Question 10

Contralateral

Answer 10

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Question 11

Ipsilateral

Answer 11

Positioned on the same side of the body

Question 12

Sagittal Plane

Answer 12

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

Question 13

Examples of exercise in the sagittal plane

Answer 13

• Biceps curls
• Triceps pushdowns
• Squats
• Front lunge
• Calf raise
• Walking/ Running
• Vertical jumping
• Climbing stairs

Question 14

Examples of exercise in the frontal plane

Answer 14

• Side lateral raise
• Side lunge
• Side shuffle

Question 15

Examples of exercise in the transverse plane

Answer 15

• Trunk rotation
• Throwing
• Golfing
• Swinging a bat

Question 16

Frontal plane

Answer 16

Divides the body into front and back halves

Question 17

Abduction

Answer 17

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Question 18

Transverse plane

Answer 18

Divides the body into the top and bottom halves

Question 19

Internal rotation

Answer 19

Rotation of a joint towards the middle of the body

Question 20

External rotation

Answer 20

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Question 21

Horizontal abduction

Answer 21

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Question 22

Horizontal adduction

Answer 22

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

Question 23

Eccentric muscle action

Answer 23

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

Question 24

Concentric muscle action

Answer 24

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

Question 25

Isometric muscles action

Answer 25

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length

Question 26

Isokinetic muscle action

Answer 26

When a muscle shortens at a constants speed over the full range of motion

Question 27

Length tension relationship

Answer 27

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

Question 28

Force couple

Answer 28

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 29

Muscle synergies

Answer 29

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

Question 30

Proprioception

Answer 30

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements

Question 31

Dorsiflexion

Answer 31

Toes point up and heal down

Question 32

Plantar flexion

Answer 32

Toes pointed down and heals off the ground

Question 33

Scapular retraction

Answer 33

Adduction of scapula shoulder blades move towards the midline

Question 34

Scapular protraction

Answer 34

Abduction of scapula: shoulder blades move away from the mid line

Question 35

Scapular depression

Answer 35

Downward motion of the scapula

Question 36

Scapular elevation

Answer 36

Upwards motion of the scapula

Question 37

Force velocity curve

Answer 37

Refers to the relationship of muscles ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities

Question 38

Motor behaviour

Answer 38

Response to internal and external environment stimuli

Question 39

Motor control

Answer 39

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Question 40

Motor learning

Answer 40

Integration of motor processes through practice and experiment, leading to relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movement

Question 41

Motor development

Answer 41

The changes in motor skill behaviour over time throughout the lifespan

Question 42

Muscle synergies

Answer 42

Groups of muscle that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement