Chapter 5

Question 1

language

Answer 1

a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

Question 2

centripetal force

Answer 2

a force that tends to unify people

Question 3

centrifugal force

Answer 3

a force that tends to pull people apart

Question 4

institutional language

Answer 4

used in education, work, mass media, and government

Question 5

developing language

Answer 5

in daily use by people of all ages, from children to elderly individuals

Question 6

vigorous language

Answer 6

in daily use by people of all ages, but it lacks a literary tradition

Question 7

threatened language

Answer 7

used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users

Question 8

dying language

Answer 8

still used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

Question 9

literary tradition

Answer 9

it is written as well as spoken

Question 10

language family

Answer 10

collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history

Question 11

language branch

Answer 11

languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago

Question 12

language group

Answer 12

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary

Question 13

Vulgar Latin

Answer 13

a form of Latin used in daily conversation by Romans

Question 14

lingua franca

Answer 14

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Question 15

logogram

Answer 15

a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound

Question 16

official language

Answer 16

used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business

Question 17

working language

Answer 17

used by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation

Question 18

pidgin language

Answer 18

a form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication between two languages

Question 19

dialect

Answer 19

regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Question 20

subdialect

Answer 20

a subdivision of a dialect

Question 21

standard language

Answer 21

government, business, education, and mass communication

Question 22

isogloss

Answer 22

a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate; determined from asking people

Question 23

biadialectic

Answer 23

speak normal english outside Appalachia and Appalachian English at home

Question 24

AAVE

Answer 24

a dialect used by some African Americans

Question 25

Creole

Answer 25

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Question 26

mutual intelligibility

Answer 26

the ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort

Question 27

endangered language

Answer 27

one that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

Question 28

isolated language

Answer 28

a language that is unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family

Question 29

extinct language

Answer 29

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use

Question 30

Brythonic Celtic

Answer 30

fled to Wales, Cornwall, or Brittany

Question 31

Goidelic Celtic

Answer 31

originated in Ireland