Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards
1
Q
ingestion
A
when complex food material is taken into the mouth
2
Q
Digestion
A
when food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
3
Q
enzymes
A
speeds up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown (digestion) of complex nutrients.
4
Q
amino acids
A
What complex proteins turn into when they are digested
5
Q
Glucose
A
complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars; such as glucose
6
Q
fatty acids and triglycerides
A
large fat or lipid molecules are broken down to simpler substances such as fatty acids and triglycerides
7
Q
Where does digestion occur?
A
mouth, stomach and small intestine
8
Q
absorption
A
digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
9
Q
elimination
A
The solid food waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream is eliminated from the body.
10
Q
feces
A
Concentrated solid wastes
11
Q
or/o
A
the mouth
12
Q
cheeks
A
form the walls of the oval-shaped cavity
13
Q
lips
A
surround the opening to the cavity
14
Q
hard palate
A
forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
15
Q
soft palate
A
muscular and lies posterior to the hard palate
16
Q
Rugae
A
The irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate
17
Q
mastication
A
chewing
18
Q
uvula
A
a small soft tissue projection, hangs from the soft palate. Aids in the production of sounds and speech
19
Q
tongue
A
extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone. It moves food around the mouth during mastication and deglutition
20
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
21
Q
papillae
A
small raised areas on the tongue, contain taste buds that are sensitive to the chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as food moves across the tongue
22
Q
tonsils
A
Lie on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth) where masses of lymphatic tissue is located in depressions of the mucous membranes
23
Q
gums
A
the fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets if the teeth.
24
Q
buccal sufface
A
faces the cheek
25
lingual surface
faces the tongue
26
labial surface
faces the lips
27
facial surface
the labial and buccal surfaces
28
crown
part of the tooth that shows above the gum line
29
root of tooth
lies within the bony tooth socket
30
enamel
the outermost protective layer of the crown and protects the crown. It is dense, hard, white substance--the hardest substance in the body.
31
Dentin
the main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown. It is yellow and composed of bony tissue that is softer than enamel.
32
cementum
covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root.
33
periodontal membrane
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
34
pulp
lies beneath the dentin. It is a soft and delicate tissue that fills the center of the tooth.
35
Root canal
also called the pull canal is filled with blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels
36
salivary glands
exocrine glands that produce 1.5 liters of saliva, daily, which lubricates the mouth. Parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland.
37
pharynx or throat
a muscular tube, about 5 inches long, lined with mucous membrane. It serves as a passageway both for air traveling from nose to the windpipe and for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus.
38
peristalsis
the involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs) propelling a bolus down toward the stomach.
39
stomach
Has three parts the fundus, body and antrum. Rings of muscle called sphincters control the openings into and leading out of the stomach ( lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) and pyloric sphincter). The rugae increase surface area for digestion and contain digestive glands that produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
40
small intestine (small bowel)
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. Three parts are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
41
large intestine
extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It has three main parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum.
42
defecation
the expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.
43
bilirubin
a bile pigment that is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction. Bacteria in the colon degrade bilirubin into a variety of pigments that give feces a brownish color.
44
Jaundice ( hyperbilirubinemia )
yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes. It is causes by blocked bile ducts or liver damage which makes the body unable to excrete bilirubin into bile and bilirubin then remains in the blood stream.
45
ampulla of Vater
at the junction of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct entering the duodenum
46
emulsification
a process where bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats. Without bile, most of the fat taken into the body remains undigested.
47
glycogen (starch)
What the liver turn glucose into. The liver removes excess glucose from be bloodstream and stores it as glycogen in liver cells.
48
glycogenolysis
a process that occurs when the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low, the liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose
49
gluconeogenesis
when the lover converts proteins and fats into glucose, when the body needs sugar.
50
The pancreas and its functions
It secretes enzymes to the duodenum for digestion (exocrine function). It also secretes insulin to the bloodstream to cells (endocrine function)
51
portal vein
brings blood to the liver from the intestines. Digested foods pass into the portal vein directly after being absorbed into the capillaries of the small intestine, thus giving the liver the first chance to use the nutrients
52
amyl/o
starch
53
-ase
enzyme
54
lip/o
fat
55
prote/o
protein
56
par-
near
57
ot/o
ear
58
an/o
anus
59
append/o and appendic/o
appendix
60
bucc/o
cheek
61
cec/o
cecum
62
celi/o
belly, abdomen
63
cheil/o
lip
64
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
65
choledoch/o
common bile duct
66
col/o or colon/o
colon
67
dent/i
tooth
68
duoden/o
duodenum
69
enter/o
intestine, usually the small intestine
70
gastrointestinal tract
or digestive tract; begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.
71
esophag/o
esophagus
72
faci/o
face
73
gastr/o
stomach
74
gingiv/o
gums
75
gloss/o
tongue
76
hepat/o
liver
77
ile/o
ileum
78
jejun/o
jejunum
79
labi/o
lip
80
lapar/o
abdomen
81
lingu/o
tongue
82
mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
83
odont/o
tooth
84
palat/o
palate
85
pancreat/o
pancreas
86
peritone/o
peritoneum
87
pharyng/o
throat
88
proct/o
anus and rectum
89
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
90
rect/o
rectum
91
sialaden/o
salivary gland
92
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
93
stomat/o
mouth
94
uvul/o
uvula
95
amyl/o
starch
96
bil/i
gall, bile
97
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
98
chol/e
gall, bile
99
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
100
gluc/o
sugar
101
glyc/o
sugar
102
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
103
lip/o
fat,lipid
104
lith/o
stone
105
prote/o
protein
106
py/o
pus
107
sial/o
saliva,salivary
108
steat/o
fat
109
-ase
enzyme
110
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
111
-iasis
abnormal condition
112
-prandial
meal
113
anorexia
lack of appetite
114
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
115
borborygmus (plural: borborygmi)
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
116
constipation
difficulty in passing stools (feces)
117
diarrhea
Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
118
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
119
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
120
flatus
gas expelled through the anus
121
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
122
jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
123
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
124
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
125
steatorrhea
Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
126
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
127
dental caries
tooth decay
128
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
129
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
130
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
131
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
132
-chalasia
relaxation
133
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
134
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
135
gastric cancer
malignant tumor if he stomach
136
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
137
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
138
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
139
anal fistula
abnormal tube- like passageway near the anus
140
colonic polyps
polyps ( benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
141
colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
142
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
143
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestional wall of the colon
144
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
145
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
146
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
147
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestine ( Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis)
148
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
149
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
group of GI symptoms ( abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) , but without abnormalities in the intestines
150
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
151
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
152
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
153
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
154
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
155
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
156
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
157
ectasis and -ectasia
dilution (dilatation) widening
158
-emesis
vomiting
159
-pepsia
digestion
160
-phagia
eating, swallowing
161
-plasty
surgical repair
162
-ptysis
spitting
163
-rrhage or -rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
164
-rrhaphy
suture
165
-rrhea
flow, discharge
166
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
167
-stasis
stopping controlling
168
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
169
-tresia
opening
170
amylase and lipase tests
tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood
171
liver function tests (LFTs)
tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
172
stool culture
test for microorganisms present in feces
173
stool guaiac test or hemoccult test
test to detect occult ( hidden ) blood in feces
174
lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum
175
upper gastrointestinal series
x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by month
176
cholangiography
x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts
177
computed tomography(CT)
a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)
178
abdominal ultrasonography
sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
179
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
180
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of body
181
HIDA scan
radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
182
gastric bypass or bariatric surgery
reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)
183
gastrointestinal endoscopy
visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope
184
laparoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen
185
liver biopsy
removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
186
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach
187
paracentesis (abdominocentesis)
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
188
alk phos
alkaline phosphatase
189
ALT, AST
alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase--enzymes measured to evaluate liver function
190
BE
barium enema
191
BM
bowel movement
192
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum-- hematochezia
193
CD
celiac disease
194
EGD
espphagogastroduodenoscopy
195
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographu
196
EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography
197
FOBT
fecal occult blood test
198
G tube
gastrostomy tube; also called stomach tube and PEG tube- used to introduce nutrients into the stomach after insertion through the abdominal wall with laparoscopic instruments
199
GB
gallbladder
200
GI
gastrointestinal
201
HBV
hepatitis B virus
202
LAC
laparoscopic-assisted colectomy
203
LFTs
Liver function tests- alk phos m, bilirubin, AST, ALT
204
NG tube
nasogastric tube
205
NPO
nothing by mouth (Latin nil per os)
206
PEG tube
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube- feeding tube
207
PEJ tube
percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube- feeding tube
208
PTHC
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
209
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
210
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
211
T tube
tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch (bile bag) on the outside of the body
