Chapter 5 and 6: The Integumentary System and The Skeletal System Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
what are the two parts of the integument?
A
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
2
Q
what is the epidermis made out of?
A
epithelial tissue
3
Q
what is the dermis made out of?
A
dense connective tissue
4
Q
what is the name of the epithelial tissue that makes up the epidermis?
A
stratified squamous
5
Q
what are the 5 functions of the integument?
A
-protection
-temperature maintenance
-synthesis and storage of nutrients
-sensory reception
-excretion and secretion
6
Q
what are the two types of the epidermis?
A
thick and thin
7
Q
what are the 5 layers of the epidermis from bottom to top?
A
-stratum germinativum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum corneum
8
Q
where is thick skin located?
A
on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
9
Q
which layer of the epidermis is not in thin skin?
A
stratum lucidum
10
Q
stratum ________________: attached to the basement membrane with hemidesmosomes
A
germinativum
11
Q
what are the types of cells in the stratum germinativum
A
-germinativum cells
-germinativum cells’ daughter cells
-melanocytes
12
Q
why do cells die in the stratum spinosum?
A
they are too far from blood vessels
13
Q
stratum _______________: thin; new cells that are pushed up from stratum germinativum still go through mitosis; contains dermal papilla and epidermal ridges; found below the dark line on the microscope
A
spinosum
14
Q
stratum _______________: makes granules; cells fill with keratin from granules
A
granulosum
15
Q
stratum _____________: one clear layer; this layer is not in thin skin, only thick
A
lucidum
16
Q
stratum ______________: top layer; cells have become keratinized
A
corneum
17
Q
how many layers does the stratum corneum have?
A
15-30
18
Q
how long does it take cells to get to the stratum corneum?
A
4 weeks
19
Q
what are the two layers of the dermis?
A
-papillary layer
-reticular layer
20
Q
contains dermal papilla; vascular; also contains loose connective tissue and has nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels
A
papillary layer
21
Q
under the papillary layer; has lots of reticular fibers and also includes collagen and elastic fibers; less strength but the strength it has goes in multiple directions due to the branching of the reticular fibers
A
reticular layer
22
Q
what are the 3 parts that make up skin?
A
epithelial, loose, and dense connective tissue
23
Q
what is another name for the skin?
A
cutaneous membrane
24
Q
what is another name for the hypodermis?
A
subcutaneous membrane
25
what does the hypodermis mostly consist of?
adipose tissue
26
what are the 3 factors that can affect skin pigmentation?
-carotene levels
-melanin
-amount of blood in the papillary layer
27
yellow, orange pigment found/stored in the stratum germinativum; obtained by eating orange foods such as carrots, squash, yams, sweet potato, etc.; used to produce Vitamin A
carotene
28
what is the function of carotene?
stabilize stem cells for the retina of the eye
29
made by melanocytes
melanin
30
what is the function of melanin?
releases melanin when in contact with UV damage
31
what is the melanocyte: stem cell ratio in places of high sun exposure
1:4
32
what is the melanocyte: stem cell ratio in areas of low sun exposure
1:20
33
what causes the skin to peel after a sunburn?
when out in the sun for a long time, 2 T's on DNA will buckle, causing the cell to die and no longer be able to be used
34
what colors can the skin change to due to blood levels in the papillary layer?
pink/red or blue/purple/ashen/grey
35
how does skin turn pink/red?
blood vessels are open and fill the papillary layer; due to heat or embarassment
36
how does skin get a blue/purple/ashen/grey tone?
low amounts of blood go to the papillary layer; due to poor circulation, heart attack, respiratory issues, lung issues, etc.; located on extremities: nose, lips, fingertips(especially under nails), toes
37
what is it called when the skin gets a blue/purple/ashen/grey tone?
cyanosis
38
what are the benefits of UV light?
it forces the stratum germinativum to produce a steroid, which is converted into Vitamin D, which is then taken to the liver and converted into calcitriol
39
what is the function of calcitriol?
it tells the cells of the small intestine to absorb more calcium and phosphate from food
40
what is the harmful effect of UV light?
cancer
41
what are the types of cancer that can result from UV damage?
-basal cell carcinoma
-squamous cell carcinoma
-malignant melanoma
42
damages the stratum germinativum; cancer; affects the basement membrane
basal cell carcinoma
43
damages the cells of the upper stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum; benign(stays in the same tissue)
squamous cell carcinoma
44
damages the melanocytes; shows up as moles, birthmarks, etc
malignant melanoma
45
attachments to the skin(hair, nails, glands, etc)
accessory structures
46
smooth muscle; pulls entire hair shaft and squeezes follicle and cell; causes goosebumps
arrector pili
47
how long is a hair growth cycle?
2-5 years
48
how many hairs does a person lose per day on average?
100
49
when does hair turn grey?
when melanocytes run out of melanin and air pockets are released
50
when does hair turn white?
no pigment or air pockets left
51
what are the functions of hair?
-block UV light on the head
-deflect blows to the head
-traps debris
-attractant to the opposite sex
52
what are the 4 types of glands?
sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, and mammary
53
what is another name for sweat glands?
sudiferous glands
54
what is the function of sebaceous glands?
lead and put hair in follicle; lubricate the hair and skin
55
what is secreted by sebaceous glands?
sebum
56
what type of secretion is done by sebaceous glands?
holocrine secretion
57
what stimulates sebaceous glands?
sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
58
what are the two types of sweat glands?
apocrine and merocrine
59
where are apocrine sweat glands located?
armpit and groin
60
what type of secretion do apocrine glands use?
merocrine
61
describe the secretion from apocrine glands
cloudy, odorous
62
why is apocrine secretion odorous?
bacteria eats the secretion and its waste product
63
where is merocrine secretion located?
on 99% of the body
64
what type of secretion do merocrine glands use?
merocrine secretion
65
describe the sweat released from merocrine glands
99.5% is water and the rest is salt(Na, K, Cl, urea)
66
what do ceruminous glands do?
release cerumen; trap materials, produce earwax
67
what type of secretion is used by mammary glands?
apocrine secretion
68
what do mammary glands do?
produce milk
69
what is the name of the epithelium that makes up nails and hair?
stratified squamous
70
stab/cutting of the skin
incision
71
rubbing layers off of the skin
abrasion
72
what are the 4 parts to repairing skin after a cut?
-mast cells release histamine to bring in more blood
-platelets and plasma produce clots and with the last clot they will produce fibrin
-clean out dead cells; stem cells replace damaged area
-fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to replace damaged dermis
73
burns: the upper epidermis is killed, the lower epidermis is damaged; accessory structures are not harmed; red; painful
first-degree burn
74
burns: kills entire epidermis, the reticular layer and upper dermis is injured; red, painful, has blisters
second-degree burn
75
burns: kills dermis and chars accessory structures; no pain due to nerve damage
third-degree burn
76
what are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)
-support/structure
-protection
-production of blood cells
-storage
-leverage
77
what soft tissues are protected by the skeletal system?
brain, spinal cord, uterus, lungs, and heart
78
the rotation/position of the bone allows you different abilities
leverage
79
what are the approximate weights of bone?
--2/3(65-66%) is ground substance
--1/3(32%) is collagen fibers
--2% is bone cells
80
what are the 4 different shapes of bones?
-flat
-long
-short
-irregular
81
bone shapes: flat surface; thin and broad
flat bones
82
examples of flat bones
skull bones, scapula, sternum
83
bone shapes: length is greater than width; makes up limbs
long bones
84
examples of long bones
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
85
bone shapes: length and width are equal
short bones
86
examples of short bones
carpal and tarsal bones
87
odd-shaped bones
irregular bones
88
example of irregular bones
vertebrae
89
what are the 2 different structures of bones?
compact and spongy bone
90
bone structures: strongest; most dense bone; can withstand high amounts of pressure/weight in 2 directions
compact bone
91
bone structures: not organized; spaces between spikes(trabecula); can withstand weight in multiple directions
spongy bone
92
what are the 2 types of microscopic features in bone?
lamella and caneliculi
93
microscopic features: circular layers of bones
lamella
94
microscopic features: contain blood vessels that go from cell to cell
caneliculi
95
what are the 3 types of bone cells?
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts
96
bone cells: make the bone when told to do so because of high levels of Ca/Po
osteoblasts
97
bone cells: maintains bone
osteoclasts
98
bone cells: huge cells with 50 nuclei and lots of vesicles containing acid and digestive enzymes; increases blood levels when low
osteoclasts
99
what does the outer layer of the periosteum do?
attach structures to bone
100
what does the inner layer of the periosteum do?
contains stem cells, which become osteoblasts when needed
101
what does the endosteum do?
lines the inside cavity of bone marrow; contains stem cells
102
large tube in the middle of each osteon; contains an artery, vein, and nerve
harvesian/central canal
103
osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers around a harvesian/central canal; basic unit of compact bone; only in compact bone
osteon
104
making of bone; done by the process of calcification
ossification
105
what are the 2 methods of ossification?
intramembraneous and endochondral ossification
106
ossification: 6-8 weeks embryo--within the deep layers of the dermis, layers of connective tissue form calcified material, which kills all cells in this area
intramembraneous ossification
107
what bones use intramembranous ossification?
flat bones of the skull, mandible, maxilla, and clavicle
108
ossification: develops from pre-existing hyaline cartilage; molds
endochondral ossification
109
what are the 3 types of articulations?
-synarthrosis
-amphiarthrosis
-diarthrosis
110
what are the two types of synarthrosis joints?
fibrous and cartilaginous
111
what are the two types of fibrous synarthrosis articulations?
sutures and gomphosis
112
fibrous connections plus interlocked surfaces; found in between the bones if the skull
suture
113
fibrous connections plus insertion in the bony socket(alveolus); between the teeth and jaw
gomphosis
114
what is the name of the cartilaginous synarthrosis joint?
synchondrosis
115
no movement
synarthrosis
116
little movement
amphiarthrosis
117
free movement
diarthrosis
118
interposition of the cartilage plate; epiphyseal plate
synchondrosis
119
what is the name of the fibrous amphiarthrosis articulation?
syndesmosis
120
what is the name of the cartilaginous amphiarthrosis articulation?
symphisis
121
ligamentous connection; between the tibia and fibula; function is protection; made up of mostly collagen fibers
syndesmosis
122
connection by a fibrous pad; between the right and left halves of the pelvis(pubic symphisis) and between the adjacent vertebrae of the spinal column
symphysis
123
what is the name of the diarthrosis articulation
synovial
124
complex joint bounded by joint capsule containing ____________ fluid; 6 different ways to move
synovial
125
what are the 6 different synovial diarthrosis articulations?
-gliding joint
-hinge joint
-pivot joint
-ellipsoidal joint
-saddle joint
-ball-and-socket joint
126
example of a gliding joint
clavicle and manubrium
127
example of a hinge joint
elbow; knee
128
example of a pivot joint
twisting of hips/pelvis
129
example of an ellipsoidal joint
radius and ulna
130
example of a saddle joint
thumb
131
example of a ball-and-socket joint
shoulder; hip
132
the movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements; bending your wrist down/forward
flexion
133
the movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements; bending your wrist back
extension
134
extension past anatomical position
hyperextension
135
movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body; moving your arms out
abduction
136
movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body; moving your arms towards the medial axis
adduction
137
moving your arms in a loop; drawing a circle on a chalkboard
circumduction
138
turning around the longitudinal axis of the body or a limb; twisting your head to the side
rotation
139
the movement of the wrist down or backward; flicking of the wrist while serving in tennis
pronation
140
the movement of the wrist down or backward; on your spine, holding a cup of soup
supination
141
twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inwards, elevating the medial edge of the foot
inversion
142
twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole outwards, elevating the outer edge of the foot
eversion
143
flexing of the foot, elevates the sole and digs the heel into the ground
dorsiflexion
144
pointing of the toes, elevates the heel; standing on tiptoes
plantar flexion
145
the movement of the thumb towards the palm or fingertips that enables you to grasp and hold an object; making a fist
opposition
146
moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane; sticking your jaw out
protraction
147
moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane; bringing your jaw back in
retraction
148
a structure moves in a superior direction; closing your mouth
elevation
149
a structure moves in an inferior direction; opening your mouth
depression
150
when released, it tells the cells of the small intestine to absorb more calcium/phosphorus
calcitriol
151
stimulates osteoblasts(dissolves bone) and breaks up CaPo
PTH-parathyroid hormone
152
stimulates osteoblasts to make more bone and take CaPo from the blood
calcitonin
153
vitamin d deficiency—not enough CaPo for bones; more cartilage in cartilage:bone ratio; common during youth; limits bone production; diaphysis cannot handle weight of the body and legs bow out
rickets
154
vitamin a and c deficiency—causes brittle bones and lack of bone growth if not eaten
scurvy
155
what does vitamin a help
osteoblasts
156
what does vitamin c help
fibroblasts
157
bone fracture where skin is torn
open fracture
158
what do you need to worry about with open fractures
bacterial infections
159
bone fracture where skin remains untouched
closed fracture
160
bone breaks along longitudinal axis, most are complete fractures
transverse fracture
161
bone fracture caused by high twisting of bone
spiral fractire
162
when a bone has shattered parts
comminuted fractire
163
fracture of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
potts fracture
164
fracture of the distal end of the radius
colles fracture
