Chapter 5 (APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING LEARNING)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring
knowledge or skills resulting
from experience; there are many
approaches

Question 2

Behaviourist Approach

Answer 2

An approach to learning that
states that behaviours are
learned through interactions with the environment

Question 3

Conditioning

Answer 3

The learning process by which
the behaviour of an organism
becomes dependent on an event
occurring in its environment

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

An environmental event that
triggers a response in an organism

Question 5

Response

Answer 5

A behavioural reaction to a
stimulus

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

A simple form of learning
that occurs through repeated
associations between two stimuli to produce a conditioned
response

Question 7

Before Conditioning

Answer 7

the first stage of classical
conditioning; at this stage no learning has occurred

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 8

A stimulus that consistently
produces a naturally occurring,
automatic response

Question 9

Unconditioned Response

Answer 9

a response that occurs
automatically/ involuntarily when the unconditioned
stimulus is presented

Question 10

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 10

A stimulus (prior to conditioning) that doesn’t produce a response

Question 11

During Conditioning

Answer 11

The second stage of classical
conditioning, in which learning
occurs through association

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

The process during which an
organism learns to associate two events (the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus)

Question 13

After Conditioning

Answer 13

The final stage of classical conditioning

Question 14

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

A stimulus that was previously neutral but now, as a result of repeated associations with the unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response

Question 15

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 15

A learned behaviour that is similar to the unconditioned response and is now triggered by the conditioned stimulus as a result of conditioning

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

A learning process in which the likelihood of a voluntary behaviour occurring is determined by its consequences

Question 17

Antecedent

Answer 17

An environmental stimulus that triggers an action

Question 18

Behaviour

Answer 18

Any observable action by an
organism

Question 19

Consequence

Answer 19

Something that makes a
behaviour more or less likely to
occur again

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

a stimulus from the environment that increases the likelihood of a response occurring in the future

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

when a behaviour is followed by adding a desirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

when a behaviour is followed by the removal of an undesirable
stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

Question 23

Punishment

Answer 23

a stimulus from the environment that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again

Question 24

Positive Punishment

Answer 24

when a behaviour is followed by
adding an undesirable stimulus, decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

Question 25

Negative Punishment

Answer 25

when a behaviour is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus,

Question 26

Learner

Answer 26

the individual who observes, remembers and initiates the actions of the model

Question 27

Model

Answer 27

the live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed

Question 28

Observational Learning

Answer 28

a type of social learning that occurs when a learner observes a model’s actions and their consequences to guide their future actions

Question 29

Social-cognitive Approach

Answer 29

when individuals process, remember and learn information in social contexts to explain and predict their behaviour and that of others

Question 30

Attention

Answer 30

the first step in observational learning, when the learner actively watches the model’s behaviour and the consequences

Question 31

Retention

Answer 31

the second stage in observational learning, when the learner stores (retains) a mental representation of the model’s behaviour

Question 32

Reproduction

Answer 32

the third stage in observational learning, when the learner’s physical and mental capabilities enable them to perform the model’s behaviour

Question 33

Motivation

Answer 33

in observational learning, the learner’s desire to perform the model’s behaviour

Question 34

Reinforcement

Answer 34

receiving a reward or desirable factor that increases the likelihood that the learner will reproduce the behaviour in future

Question 35

Indigenous

Answer 35

First Australians and First Peoples of any country

Question 36

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

Answer 36

the Australian Indigenous population, which includes Aboriginal peoples, Torres Strait Islander peoples and people who have both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage; the term ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander’ encompasses all three

Question 37

Community

Answer 37

a group of people who live in the same location or who share an interest or characteristic in common, and who interact or have the potential to interact

Question 38

Ways of Knowing

Answer 38

methods through which knowledge becomes apparent to us

Question 39

First Nations

Answer 39

Indigenous people of Australia; or First Peoples

Question 40

Connection to Country

Answer 40

Indigenous ways of knowing are known to be rooted with deep respect for the ecology and the importance of the connected relationship with the land

Question 41

Narrative

Answer 41

a story which in a cultural context may be delivered in a variety of ways including performance, song and dance

Question 42

Yarn

Answer 42

an Indigenous system of learning that involves continually sharing stories

Question 43

Learning Map

Answer 43

images or visuals used to map out processes for learners

Question 44

Kinaesthetic

Answer 44

to do with body movement or sensation

Question 45

Place- Based Learning

Answer 45

learning drawn from the landscape with profound connections to ancestral and personal relationships with place