Chapter 5 - Attention Flashcards
(133 cards)
What are the two types of attention?
Selective and Divided
What are the three methods of selective filter models? (3) BTL (BLT)
1) Broadbent’s Filter Model
2) Treisman’s Attenuation Theory
3) Late Selection Models
What factors allow us to spread our attention?
*Review
Dual tasking
What is attention?
- Focus on s___ f___ in the e___.
- Influences many aspects of cognition (3): p__,m __,ps __.
- Not a single concept (several processes)
- ___ mechanisms
- specific features, environment
- Perception, memory, problem solving.
- Not a single concept (several processes)
- different mechanisms
What is a cost to attention?
Exclusion of other features
Environmental, attended
What factors allow us to spread our attention?
Experience (while driving for example)
1) Attended stimulus is information you’re ___ on, that you’re ___.
2) Unattended stimulus: all info we’re ___
1) Focusing, attending
2) Ignoring
1) Is any of the unattended stimulus processed? ___ was interested in this.
2) His experiment uses a ___ listening task.
3) When you verbalize out loud what you hear in one ear is known as ___.
4) In the unattended ear, people could report the g___, h. vs. l. p___, l___.
5) You fail to process ___ content
6) A stimulus like your name grabs your attention, even if you’re not paying attention to it is known as the ___ ___.
1) Cherry
2) Dichotic
3) Shadowing
4) Gender, high vs low Pitch, language
5) specific
6) cocktail party phenomenon
1) In Broadbent’s Filter Model (195), information is processed through a ____ of stages.
2) In broadbents filter, attention occurs in () stages.
3) E___ selection model of attention
4) Filters information e__ in the process.
5) All u___ information is filtered out.
- (1958), Sequence
- 3
- Early
- Early
- Unattended
In Broadbent’s filter model: 1) There are three stages: A) \_\_\_ store B) F\_\_\_ C) D\_\_\_
A) Sensory
B) Filter
C) Detector
In Broadbent’s filter model:
1) 1st stage. All messages/sensory input move to the ___ ___. Also known as the sensory ____.
2) All sensory input is sent to the second stage: the ___
3) Only ___ makes it through the filter
4) Filtered, attended, messages reach the third stage: ___
5) This stage processes the information for ___.
6) It then gets sent to ___
1) Sensory store, sensory memory
2) Filter
3) Attended
4) Detector
5) Meaning
6) Memory
1) First stage: ___ ___
2) The Sensory Store holds all ___ ___. 3) Both ___ and ___ information.
4) Second stage: ___
5) Processes ___ stimulus based on ___ characteristics.
6) Characteristics such as: voice: t__, p__, s__, a__, g__.
7) __ other information is ___ ___.
8) The third stage is the ____.
9) The ____ processes ____ of the attended stimulus.
10) The output of the ___ goes to ___ ___ ___.
11) Information can be used ____ or ___.
1) Sensory Store
2) incoming information
3) attended, unattended
4) Filter
5) attended
6) tone, pitch, speed, accent, gender
7) all, filtered out
8) detector
9) detector, meaning
10) detector, short term memory
11) immediately or stored
Selective Attention
Split-___ Experiment
Are the left and right ear separate channels?
Letters are spoken into each ear, you can recite them in any order you want (c1), and according to pairs (c2)
1) Condition 1 - (__%)
2) Condition 2 -(__%)
This shows that the left and right ears have ___ ___.
- Scan
- 65
- 20
- Separate channels
Selective Attention
“Dear Aunt Jane” Experiment
Participants job was to shadow the left ear. But would often say words spoken into their right ear.
1) Attention ___ from ear to __ based on __ of message.
2) ___ of information in unattended ear __ __ ___
3) This is a problem for ___’s model.
1) shifted, ear, meaning
2) Meaning, can be processed
3) Broadbent’s
Selective Attention
1) Moray (195_)
2) Used a ___ listening task
3) ___’s name presented to unattended ear.
4) __% of participants heard their name
5) ___ of information in the unattended ear ___ ___ ____.
1) 9
2) dichotic
3) listener
4) 33
5) Meaning, can be processed
Selective Attention
How do we account for this? How does some of the meaning from the unattended ear get processed? (E.g., own name)
1) ____ Attenuation Theory
2) All information gets sent to an ___.
3) Role of the Attenuators, ____ the signal of the attended message. The ___ stimulus still gets through to the next step, but __ ___.
3. 5) Attenuator can separate the ___ message from the ___ message.
4) The next stage is the ____
5) The ___ unit is different for everyone, and places an level of importance on __ __.
1) Treisman’s
2) Attenuator
3) strengthen, unattended, much weaker
4) Dictionary
5) Dictionary, each word
1) Broadbent’s filter model of attention was designed to explain the results of an experiment done by ___ ___ (1953).
2) Cherry studied attention using a technique called ____ listening. ___ listening refers to presenting different stimuli to the ___ and ___ ear.
3) The participant’s task was to focus on the message in one ear, called the ___ message.
4) The procedure of repeating the words as they are heard is called __.
5) Cherry found out that although his participants could easily shadow a spoken message presented to the attended ear, and they could could report whether the unattended message was spoken by a ___ or ___, they could not report what was being ___ in the ____ ear.
1) Colin Cherry
2) dichotic, left, right
3) attended
4) Shadowing
5) male, female, said, unattended
They ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is known as the ___ ___ ___.
Cocktail party effect
1) Based on the results of Cherry (1953), ____ ____ created a model of attention designed to explain how it’s possible to focus on one message and why information isn’t taken in from other message.
2) Name the four stages in this model in order (4):
3) What is the NAME of this model? It is named this because the filter ___ the ___ information at the beginning of the flow of information.
- Donald Broadbent
- Sensory Memory, Filter, Detector, Short Term Memory (STM)
- Early Selection Model
In Broadbent’s early model of attention, what is the first Stage, and what does it do?
Sensory memory - holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second and then transfers it ALL to the filter
In Broadbent’s early model of attention, what is the second stage and what does it do?
FILTER - identifies the message being attended too based on its physical characteristics- things like the speakers tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent - and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector to the next stage. All of the other messages are filtered out.
What is the third stage of Broadbent’s early model of attention? What does it do?
DETECTOR (Procesess meaning) (ATTENDED MESSAGES GET THROUGH) - processes information from the attended message to determine high-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning. Because only the important, attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all of the information that enters it.
What is the FOURTH stage of Broadbent’s early model of attention?
To memory (ATTENDED MESSAGE SENT TO SHORT TERM MEMORY)Holds for 10-15 seconds, may turn into long term memory
Broadbent’s model is called the ____ selection model
EARLY
