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Pathology Final > Chapter 5 Biliary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Biliary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Denotes a yellowish cast to the skin and sclera of the eyes that is the result of excess bilirubin in the blood

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2
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

It signifies inflammation of the liver cells

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3
Q

What happens with hepatitis?

A

The cells die and are quickly replaced by new ones if the injury to the liver is slight

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4
Q

What results when hepatitis is more severe?

A

Cirrhosis

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?

A

Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting

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6
Q

What does hepatitis show?

A

Hepatomegaly and possible jaundice

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7
Q

What happens to the technique when imaging hepatitis?

A

An increase in mAs may be needed to increase the density of the image

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8
Q

When should acute cholecystitis be suspected?

A

when the gallbladder is not visualized with any type of imaging modality

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9
Q

What is almost always the universal cause of acute cholecystitis?

A

A cystic duct obstruction

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10
Q

What are symptoms of acute cholecystitis?

A

A very sharp painful attack in the right upper right quadrant, usually after eating a large fatty meal. The pain is accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting

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11
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Gallstones

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12
Q

Who are more prone to gallstones?

A

women who are over 40 years of age and overweight. Pregnant women or women on oral contraceptives or estrogen therapy

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13
Q

What are gallstones composed of?

A

Constituents of bile (cholesterol) that have crystallized

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14
Q

Some gallstones are?

A

Pure bile pigment

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15
Q

Gallstones composed of pure bile are what?

A

Radiolucent

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16
Q

Stones that contain calcium carbonate are what?

A

Radiopaque

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17
Q

What gallstones are most common?

A

Radiolucent

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18
Q

What is the cause of gallstones?

A

No cause is known but it is believed that stones are associated with the inability of the gallbladder to a absorb properly

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of gallstones?

A

Most gallstones do not cause symptoms for a long time but if there is a blockage in a bile duct, pain may occur intermediately

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20
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas and occurs when the enzymes released by the pancreas attack the organ itself instead of food

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21
Q

What is the difference between pancreatitis and another organ inflammation?

A

The powerful digestive enzymes secreted by the acinar cells may escape from the cells and start to digest the pancreas itself as well as the adipose tissue around it (called enzymatic necrosis)

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22
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

is one of the most common serious diseases and is used when changes occur in the structure of the liver as the result of any one of a number of chronic diseases

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23
Q

What happens to the tissue with cirrhosis?

A

Normal tissue is destroyed and replaced by scar tissues, which diminishes the ability of the organ to function properly, hindering the circulation of the blood through the liver and reducing its power remove toxins from the body

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24
Q

Who does cirrhosis most often affect?

A

Men

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25
What is cirrhosis usually the result of?
Alcoholism or Hep C
26
What are other causes of cirrhosis?
blocked bile ducts, drugs, toxins and infections, and some inherited diseases (such as glycogen storage disease of an absorption deficit in which excess iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, and other organs)
27
When does alcoholic cirrhosis develop?
After more than a decade of heavy drinking
28
What does alcohol block with cirrhosis?
The livers metabolism of protein, fats, and carbs
29
What are the symptoms of cirrhosis?
Many people have no symptoms in the early stages but as the fat deposits continue they interfere with normal function and cell death occurs. Damaged and deal liver cells are replaced by fibrous tissue which leads to fibrosis
30
What is a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogrpay?
A common procedure used to visualize the common bile duct
31
What does an ERCP locate and treat?
blockages in the duct, find the source of pain, and aid in the planning stages of surgery
32
What is the largest organ in the body?
The liver
33
Where is the liver located?
Below the diaphragm in the RUQ
34
How many lobes is the liver divided into?
Four
35
What are the two main lobes of the liver?
The right and left lobes
36
What are the right and left lobes separated by?
The falciform ligament
37
What is the ligament teres and where is it located?
It is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein and is on the inferior portion of the falciform ligament
38
How many segments is the right lobe divided into?
Three segments - the right lobe proper, the caudate lobe, and the quadrate lobe
39
What often looks like an additional lobe and often seen in women?
The Reidel lobe, located in the posterior, inferior aspect of the right lobe
40
What forms the portal vein?
The splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein unite
41
What is processed through the portal vein?
Venous blood from the spleen and the GI tract is sent to the liver for processing through this vital vessel
42
Where does the gallbladder lie?
In a shallow fossa on the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver
43
What are the parts of the gallbladder?
fundus, body, and neck
44
What is the Hartman pouch?
A small pouch occasionally found in the posterior neck of the gallbladder
45
What is a prime spot for gallstones to collect?
The Hartman pouch
46
What merges with the cystic duct?
The neck of the gallbladder
47
What forms the common hepatic duct?
The right and left hepatics ducts
48
What is the cystic duct?
A small duct coming off the neck of the gallbladder
49
What are the spiral valves of Heister?
The lumen of the cystic duct contains membranous folds
50
What does the spiral valves of Heister help?
They help prevent the collapse or distention of the cystic duct
51
What forms the common bile duct?
The common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct
52
What is the CBD also known as?
The choledochus
53
What forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
The CBD joining with the pancreatic duct near the duodenum
54
What is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
The ampulla of Vater
55
What is located at the opening of the ampulla into the C-loop of the duodenum?
The hepatopancreatic sphincter or sphincter of Oddi
56
What are the four areas of the pancreas?
Head, neck, body and tail
57
Where does the head sit of the pancreas?
in the C-loop of the duodenum
58
What is the ucinate process?
An inferior extension of the head that courses toward the midline
59
What different types of cells does the pancreas contain?
Beta cells, acing cells, and the islets of Langerhans
60
What duct runs the entire length of the pancreas?
The main pancreatic duct also known as the duct of Wirsung
61
What forms the ampulla of Vater?
The main pancreatic duct and the CBD
62
What is the duct of Santorini?
A minor accessory duct sometimes found branching off the superior aspect of the duct of Wirsung
63
What is the function of the liver?
1. It produces bile and bilirubin 2. Performs biochemical functions 3. Many of the body's metabolic functions
64
What is bile?
It contains bile salts, fatty acids, cholesterol, bilirubin and other compounds
65
Where are the components of bile synthesized and modified?
In the liver cells
66
After bile is synthesized and modified in the liver cells, where is it taken to?
The gallbladder and small bowel through the biliary ducts to aid in the digestion process
67
What is bilirubin?
A yellow pigment that comes primarily from old red blood cells. It is taken from the blood, modified to a water-soluble form and secreted into bile
68
What are secreted from the liver?
Blood clotting factors such as albumin
69
What metabolic functions occur in the liver?
The metabolism of cholesterol and the conversion of proteins and fats into glucose
70
What is metabolized in the liver?
Drugs and toxins, including alcohol
71
What is bile necessary for?
To break down or emulsify fat into smaller fat globules to be digested
72
Where is bile concentrated and stored?
In the gallbladder
73
What is cholecystokinin?
A hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract when food, particularly fat is present in the duodenum
74
What functions does the pancreas have?
Both endocrine (ductless) and exocrine (secretion) functions
75
What do the endocrine functions of the pancreas include?
The production of the hormones insulin and glucagon which are secreted directly into the bloodstream
76
What does insulin control?
Carbohydrate metabolism
77
How many hormones are produced by the islets of Langerhans and what cells produce them?
Two hormones are produced by alpha-2 cells that secrete glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin
78
What do the exocrine functions of the pancreas include?
The secretion of enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fat and proteins
79
What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
Amylase, lipase, and trypsin
80
What are amylase, lipase, and trypsin produced by?
The acing cells of the pancreas
81
What is the function of amylase?
It breaks down starch into maltose
82
What is the function of lipase?
It works on fats to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol. It is also known as steapsin
83
What is the function of trypsin?
It breaks down proteins into peptones and amino acids. It is also known as protease
84
What are some symptoms associated with cirrhosis?
Exhaustion, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, weakness, weight loss, abdominal pain and spider angioma
85
What is the last stage of cirrhosis characterized by?
Fibrous scars that disrupt the makeup of the liver cells . Scar tissue will pull on the liver parenchyma causing the appearance of a small liver. This interferes with flood flow to and from the liver because of obstruction of the portal vein
86
What does portal hypertension cause with cirrhosis?
Ascites, jaundice, and esophageal varices
87
In advanced cases, cirrhosis can cause what?
Abnomalities in the brain known as hepatic encephalopathy. This occurs when toxic metabolites, normally removed from the blood by the liver, reach the brain
88
What are complications of cirrhosis?
Edema, ascites, brusing and bleeding, jaundice, gallstones, portal hypertension, varices, diabetes and liver cancer, renal dysfunction and failure
89
What do many men suffer from with cirrhosis?
Gynecomastia (enlarged breasts) with shrinkage of their testicles
90
True or false | Liver damage from cirrhosis can be reversed
False
91
What should the technologist looks for on images with cirrhosis?
Hepatomegaly, ascites and air-fluid levels on the abdominal images
92
What kind of pathology is cirrhosis considered?
An additive pathology

Pathology Final (5 decks)

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