chapter 5: biological molecules

Question 1

what are the four classes of biological molecules?

Answer 1

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleus acids

Question 2

polymerization

Answer 2

small subunits attach to each other causing a growth

Question 3

dehydration reaction

Answer 3

removing water to form a bond

Question 4

hydrolysis

Answer 4

adding water to break bonds

Question 5

macromolecules

Answer 5

large carbohydrates, proteins, nucleus acid

Question 6

polymer

Answer 6

long molecule having monomers linked via covalent bonding

Question 7

monomers

Answer 7

building blocks of polymers

Question 8

carbohydrate

Answer 8

sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 9

monosaccharide

Answer 9

molecular formulas of CH2O
for ex. glucose (C6H12O6) as well as simple sugars like fructose and galactose

Question 10

what is the difference between aldoses and ketoses

Answer 10

aldoses have their carbonyl group at the end (terminals) while ketoses have carbonyl group in the middle

Question 11

what is the difference between a-glucose and b-glucose?

Answer 11

a-glucose has hydroxide group below while b-glucose has it above

Question 12

disaccharide

Answer 12

2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (hydroxyl groups interact with each other via covalent bonding)
for ex. double sugars like sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose)

Question 13

polysaccharides

Answer 13

polymers of sugars that can act as storage or building materials
for ex. starch for plants or glycogen for animals (liver) in terms of energy storage
cellulose in terms of building material

Question 14

what are the traits of polymers of a-glucose?

Answer 14

a-glucose are not straight and are wavy with all the oxygens pointing downwards. this causes polymers to be unstable and temporary energy storage for when the plants and animals need the energy and the stored glucose will be released.

Question 15

what are the traits of polymers of b-glucose?

Answer 15

the orientation of b-glucose is straight and oxygens alternate up and down allowing a rigid structure that is stable allowing cellulose to be building material for plants and chitin for arthopods to build exoskeletons

Question 16

adipose cells

Answer 16

stores far and shrunk and swell as storage is used and kept. provides cushioning for organs

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

hydrophobic and non polar and are not true polymers bc they are not big enough to be macromolecules

Question 18

what are the diff between unsaturated and saturated

Answer 18

saturated are straight with no double bonds while unsaturated have kinks via double bonds that causes them to be more rigid

Question 19

what is a fat?

Answer 19

fats are composed of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids. the fatty acids are joined to the glycerol via dehydration reaction and ester linkage (bond b/w hydroxyl and carboxyl)

Question 20

saturated fatty acid

Answer 20

straight, single bonds, solid at room temp and interacts with other molecules

Question 21

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 21

double bonds, kink formed from cis formation and prevents the fatty acids from tightly packing so it’s more fluid and liquid at room temp

Question 22

hydrogenation

Answer 22

converts unsaturated to saturated by adding hydrogen which makes it more packed and less fluid

Question 23

where does omega-3 and omega-6 come from?

Answer 23

a double bond carbon starting at the 3rd/6th carbon

Question 24

phospholipid

Answer 24

two fatty acids and phosphate group attached to glycerol. tails are hydrophobic (points inwards) and head is hydrophilic (points outwards towards aqueous cytoplasmic solution)

Question 25

steroids

Answer 25

polar hydroxyl and non polar hydrocarbon on the ends (amphipathic) they control hormones and behaviors and hormones r derived from cholesterol

Question 26

cholesterol

Answer 26

insoluble and non polar and is produced by liver in animals. they also hold lipid tails when it’s warm and pulls them apart in cool temp

Question 27

proteins

Answer 27

made up of amino acid monomers

Question 28

enzymatic proteins

Answer 28

catalyze reactions to make/break bonds

Question 29

defensive proteins

Answer 29

protects against diseases and have to have a specific binding site

Question 30

storage proteins

Answer 30

storing of amino acids

Question 31

transport proteins

Answer 31

transports substances around the cell

Question 32

hormonal proteins

Answer 32

coordinated activities of organisms

Question 33

receptor proteins

Answer 33

creates structures like nails and hair as a response of chemical stimuli

Question 34

contractile and motor proteins

Answer 34

initiates movements

Question 35

structural proteins

Answer 35

supports

Question 36

r-group

Answer 36

always differs and determines whether amino acid is polar/nonpolar/charged

Question 37

peptide bond

Answer 37

formed between carboxyl and amino groups with an amino terminus (N-group) and carboxyl terminus (C-group)

Question 38

primary structure

Answer 38

the sequence of AA and makes up proteins that then creates the unique properties

Question 39

secondary structure

Answer 39

starts the folding of those amino acids as either alpha/beta and DOESNT depend on the r-group only h-bonds (beta-plated sheets or alpha helix)

Question 40

difference between b sheet and a helix?

Answer 40

b sheets are proteins that are folded into straight sheets while alpha are more coiled

Question 41

tertiary structure

Answer 41

forms the overall shape as a result of 4 bonds interactions (ionic/h-bond/nonpolar/covalent) depends on the r-group and what it interacts with

Question 42

quaternary protein structure

Answer 42

more than one polypeptide chain and is the overall structure found within cells

Question 43

denaturation

Answer 43

loss of the normal shape of a protein due to unnatural physical/chemical changes such as pH, salt concentrate, temp, etc. this can lead to sickle cell disease

Question 44

nucleic acid

Answer 44

polymers made up of nucleotide monomers

Question 45

dna va rna

Answer 45

dna is deoxyribonycleic acids that directs complex structures and functions of cells and is double helix while rna is single strand with A+U and makes proteins serving as enzymes dependent on dna to make cellular components

Question 46

gene expression

Answer 46

flow of genetic information from DNA leading to synthesis of mRNA that goes to ribosome in cytoplasm and that ribosome makes the proteins based on the instructions sent to it

Question 47

nucleotides

Answer 47

made up of nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, and phosphate group

Question 48

difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars

Answer 48

ribose had hydroxide while deoxyribose loses that oxygen causing an increase of stability

Question 49

pyramidine

Answer 49

cytosine, thymine, uracil and single ring

Question 50

purines

Answer 50

guanine and adenine double ring

Question 51

DNA bases has

Answer 51

A/G/C

Question 52

RNA bases have

Answer 52

U/T

Question 53

phosphodiester linkage

Answer 53

when the 5’ end of one nucleotide bonds with the 3’ end of another (5’ = carbon and 3’ = hydroxyl)

Question 54

what bases bonds with what

Answer 54

adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine but in RNA uracil and adenine binds