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nutrition exam 1 > chapter 5: carbohydrates > Flashcards

chapter 5: carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what organism makes carbohydrates?

A

plants which uses the sun’s energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms to make carbohydrates (glucose)

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2
Q

photosynthesis

A

uses light energy to make carbohydrates

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3
Q

what do they take out of the air to make carbs?

A

light energy

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4
Q

simple carbohydrates

A

sugars or simple sugars

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5
Q

sugar

A

both monosaccharides and disaccharides

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6
Q

what is the differences between mono- and di- saccharides?

A

mono- means one & di- means tow

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7
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

complex carbohydrates

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8
Q

monosaccharides
- glucose

A
  • hexagon chemical structure
  • berries, grapes, corn
  • muscles and brain love glucose
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9
Q

monosaccharides
- fructose

A
  • pentagon chemical structure
  • fruit, honey, corn
  • high fructose corn syrup (55% fructose and 45% glucose)
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10
Q

monosaccharides
- galactose
what “ingredient” in the body needs galactose?

A

glands

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11
Q

disaccharides
- sucrose

A
  • glucose + fructose
  • honey, maple syrup, cane sugar
  • cane sugar is a major source of sucrose called table sugar
  • brown sugar is less refined brown sugar and table sugar is 100% sucrose
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12
Q

disaccharides
- lactose

A
  • galactose + glucose
  • it’s found in milk
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13
Q

nutritive sweeteners

A
  • provides 4kcal/g
  • examples: sucrose & high-fructose corn syrup
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14
Q

alternative nutritive sweeteners

A
  • supplies 2kcal/g
  • poorly absorbed in the GI tract and may cause diarrhea
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15
Q

nonnutritive sweeteners

A
  • provides little or no calories
  • example: saccharin
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16
Q

high intensity sweeteners

A

sweeteners are extremely sweet compared to the same amount of sucrose

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17
Q

glycogen

A
  • storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in humans and other animals
  • stored primarily in liver and muscles
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18
Q

starch

A
  • storage form of carbohydrates (glucose) in plants
  • examples: seeds, roots, and tubers
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19
Q

tubers

A
  • storage organs
  • examples: potato
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20
Q

between starch and fiber, which one can be digested?

A

starch, since it can break down in energy

21
Q

between starch and fiber which one in an example of cellulose?

A

fiber, since it can’t break down energy

22
Q

insoluble

A
  • example: cellulose
  • can be found in vegetables, nuts/seeds, beans, whole grain foods
  • can help digestion by attracting water into stool, making it softer and easier to pass
23
Q

soluble

A
  • example: pectins
  • can be found in apples, bananas, citrus fruits, oats
  • helps with digestion by reducing cholesterol
24
Q

pectins

A
25
Q

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination
- mouth

A

salivary amylase digests some starch

26
Q

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination
- stomach

A

acid inactivates salivary amylase

27
Q

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination
- small intestine

A

main site of carbohydrate digestion and absorption

28
Q

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination
- large intestine

A

some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented

29
Q

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination
- rectum

A

very little dietary carbohydrate eliminated in feces

30
Q

what does insulin of for blood sugar?

A

reduces blood sugar

31
Q

what does glucagon do for blood sugar?

A

releases when blood sugar is low

32
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breakdown – releasing glucose into the blood

33
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides (fat) for energy

34
Q

ketone bodies

A
  • it’s produces by liver and used as a source of energy when glucose is not available
  • water soluble molecules produced from fate
35
Q

too many ketones does what to the blood

A
  • pH of blood becomes acidic
  • poorly controlled type-1 diabetes
  • no insulin to tell cells to uptake glucose
  • so glucose can’t be used by the cells
  • unconsciousness and death may occur
36
Q

refined sugars make up how much of an average american’s diet?

A

approximately 18% of total calories/day

37
Q

healthy substitutes for reducing added sugar intakes

A

sugar sweetened soft drinks = plain water
cookies = whole grains and nuts
candy = fresh fruit
chips = raw vegetables

38
Q

does the new nutrition facts panel show added sugar content?

A

yes

39
Q

how can carbohydrates be fattening?

A

depends on the type and amount of carbohydrates and popular snack foods often combine refined carbohydrates with fats, making them very tasty

40
Q

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- who can have a fatty liver? why?

A

obese people and people with diabetes because liver normally doesn’t store fat, but in obese people and diabetics, it will

41
Q

cirrhosis & prevention

A
  • scarring of the liver
  • losing excess weight, easting a healthy diet, and avoiding alcohol
42
Q

diabetes
- type 1

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • beta cells stop making insulin
  • source of insulin (usually injections) is required
43
Q

diabetes
- type 2

A
  • most common type
  • cells no longer respond to insulin
  • glucose won’t enter the cells and stays in the blood
  • sedentary lifestyles
  • excess body fat
  • close, genetically-related family member with the disease
44
Q

which type of diabetes is autoimmune destruction of insulin while making cells?

A

type 1

45
Q

which type of diabetes is due to no longer responding to insulin in the body?

A

type 2

46
Q

why is diabetes during pregnancy dangerous?

A

poorly-controlled diabetes can cause serious damage to both the pregnant woman and her fetus

47
Q

hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low blood glucose levels

48
Q

lactose intolerance

A

inability to digest lactose because of inadequate lactase
- not the same as milk allergy

nutrition exam 1 (4 decks)

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