CHAPTER 5: CELL SIGNALING AND THE HORMONAL RESPONSE TO EXERCISE

Question 1

What is the primary function of the Endocrine System?

Answer 1

Releases hormones into the blood to circulate to tissues

Question 2

Define hormones.

Answer 2

Chemical signals carried through the body in the bloodstream

Question 3

What is meant by Target Tissue?

Answer 3

Location where hormones bind to specific receptors

Question 4

What is a Sensor in the control system?

Answer 4

Receptor that detects change in a variable

Question 5

What is the role of the Control Center?

Answer 5

Integrates incoming signals and sends messages to effectors

Question 6

What are Effectors?

Answer 6

Organs/tissues that bring about appropriate response

Question 7

What does the Nervous System release to relay messages?

Answer 7

Neurotransmitters

Question 8

How do the Nervous System and Endocrine System overlap?

Answer 8

Both systems help maintain homeostasis, especially during exercise

Question 9

What is the relationship between exercise intensity and muscle glycogen use?

Answer 9

Higher intensity = greater reliance on muscle glycogen

Question 10

How does exercise duration affect fuel utilization?

Answer 10

Longer exercise duration shifts toward greater fat utilization

Question 11

List the four mechanisms to protect plasma glucose levels.

Answer 11

• Mobilize glucose from liver glycogen stores (glycogenolysis)
• Mobilize FFA from adipose tissue
• Create glucose from other sources (gluconeogenesis)
• Block glucose entry into cells

Question 12

What hormone does the Anterior Pituitary primarily secrete?

Answer 12

Growth Hormone (GH)

Question 13

What are the actions of Growth Hormone (GH)?

Answer 13

• Promotes growth
• Spares plasma glucose

Question 14

What influences the secretion of Growth Hormone?

Answer 14

• Exercise
• Stress
• Sleep
• Decreased plasma glucose

Question 15

What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Medulla?

Answer 15

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (Catecholamines)

Question 16

What is the ‘Fight-or-Flight’ response associated with?

Answer 16

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (Catecholamines)

Question 17

What influences the secretion of Catecholamines?

Answer 17

• Exercise
• Physical/emotional stress

Question 18

What is the primary hormone secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

Answer 18

Cortisol

Question 19

What are the actions of Cortisol?

Answer 19

• Influences tissue repair
• Spares plasma glucose

Question 20

What influences the secretion of Cortisol?

Answer 20

• Exercise
• Physical/emotional stress
• Bone breaks
• Burns

Question 21

What hormone does the Pancreas secrete to spare plasma glucose?

Answer 21

Glucagon

Question 22

What are the actions of Glucagon?

Answer 22

• Stimulates liver glycogenolysis
• Stimulates FFA mobilization
• Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 23

What influences the secretion of Glucagon?

Answer 23

Decreased plasma glucose, SNS activity

Question 24

What is the role of Insulin?

Answer 24

Promotes storage

Question 25

What influences the secretion of Insulin?

Answer 25

* Increased plasma glucose/amino acids * SNS/PNS nerve activity * Various hormones

Question 26

True or False: Insulin and Glucagon have opposing effects on blood glucose.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What is Diabetes Mellitus characterized by?

Answer 27

Elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

Question 28

List the types of Diabetes Mellitus.

Answer 28

* Type I * Type II * Gestational

Question 29

What is Type I Diabetes?

Answer 29

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells

Question 30

What characterizes Type II Diabetes?

Answer 30

Insulin-resistant tissues combined with insulin secretory defect

Question 31

What is a risk associated with Gestational Diabetes?

Answer 31

Increases risk of hypertension and Type II development