Chapter 5 - Cellular Respiration

Question 1

monosaccharide

Answer 1

single carbohydrate molecule (simple sugar)

Question 2

disaccharide

Answer 2

two monosaccharides bonded together

Question 3

oligosaccharide

Answer 3

a few monosaccharides bonded together

Question 4

polysaccharide

Answer 4

many monosaccharides bonded together

Question 5

glycosidic linkage

Answer 5

• bond between two sugar molecules
• covalent bond formed in a dehydration rxn

Question 6

glycogen

Answer 6

• energy storage in animals
• made up of many glucose

Question 7

hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides is ____

Answer 7

favored thermodynamically

Question 8

maltase

Answer 8

catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose into two glucose

Question 9

rumen

Answer 9

bacteria required to digest cellulose

Question 10

lactase

Answer 10

digests lactose

Question 11

lactose malabsorbers

Answer 11

people who lack lactase

Question 12

glucose is ____ oxidized to release energy

Answer 12

oxidized

Question 13

when glucose is oxidized, _____ are ____

Answer 13

high energy electron carriers; reduced

Question 14

NADH & FADH₂

Answer 14

• accept high energy electrons during redox reactions
• oxidized later to deliver electrons in the trnasport chain
• enzymatic cofactors

Question 15

oxidiation of NADH & FADH₂ generates a ____

Answer 15

proton gradient

Question 16

when glucose is oxidized, it produces ___ & ___

Answer 16

CO₂; ATP

Question 17

glycolysis

Answer 17

• first step in metabolism; occurs in the cytosol
• glucose is oxidized (split in half) to 2 pyruvate molecules by means of phosphorylation

Question 18

glycolysis requires

Answer 18

2NAD⁺, 2ATP, enzymes

Question 19

glycolysis yields a net

Answer 19

2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 water, & 2 H⁺

Question 20

hexokinase

Answer 20

catalyzes first step in glycolysis

Question 21

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Answer 21

• catalyzes thrid step of glycolysis
• transfers a phosphate group from ATP
• irreversible step
• allosterically regulated by ATP

Question 22

aerobic conditions

Answer 22

• oxygen present
• pyruvate oxidized normally

Question 23

anaerobic conditions

Answer 23

• no oxygen present
• pyruvate is reduced to lactate to produce NAD⁺ in order to continue glycolysis

Question 24

PDC

Answer 24

• pyruvate transported to the mitochondrial matrix to be completely oxidized to CO₂
• pyruvate turns into a 2 carbon molecule (activated acetyl unit) to enter the kreb’s cycle

Question 25

oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 25

molecule is oxidized to release CO₂ & produce NADH

Question 26

coenzyme A

Answer 26

carrier for acetyl unit

Question 27

high concentration of AMP will ____ PDC

Answer 27

stimulate

Question 28

prosthetic group

Answer 28

cofactor tightly/covalently bound to an enzyme (ex. vitamins)

Question 29

krebs cycle

Answer 29

takes the activate acetyl unit to combine it with oxaloacetate and releases 2 carbon dioxide molecules

Question 30

stage 1 of krebs cycle

Answer 30

acetate fragement is condensed with oxaloacetate to produce citrate

Question 31

stage 2 of krebs cycle

Answer 31

citrate is oxidized to release carbon dioxideand produce NADH/FADH₂

Question 32

stage 3 of krebs cycle

Answer 32

- oxaloacetate is regenerated to continue the cycle - GTP is produced (high energy phosphate) - GTP transfers phosphate group to ADP to create ATP