Chapter 5 Civil Rights

Question 1

civil rights

Answer 1

guarantees of equal opportunity and protection through obligations imposed on government to protect individuals

Question 2

social movements

Answer 2

sustained campaigns brought by and on behalf of disadvantaged populations in support of a political or social goal

Question 3

collective actions

Answer 3

the process of a group of people organizing and acting based on a shared goal

Question 4

equal protection clause

Answer 4

provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens “the equal protection of the laws.” This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups

Question 5

burden of proof

Answer 5

the responsibility of an individual, organization, or government to provide sufficient evidence in support of a claim in court

Question 6

discrimination

Answer 6

the use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion

Question 7

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 7

one of three Civil War amendments; it abolished slavery

Question 8

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 8

one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process

Question 9

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 9

one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed voting rights for African American men

Question 10

Jim Crow laws

Answer 10

laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans

Question 11

“separate but equal” rule

Answer 11

doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal

Question 12

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 12

the 1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine as fundamentally unequal; this case eliminated state power to use race as a criterion of discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions

Question 13

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 13

a test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional

Question 14

de jure

Answer 14

literally, “by law”; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s

Question 15

de facto

Answer 15

literally, “by fact”; refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today

Question 16

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 16

Landmark legislation that forbade discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin

Question 17

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 17

Amendment to the Constitution that guaranteed women the right to vote

Question 18

Civil Liberties Act of 1988

Answer 18

a historic piece of legislation in which the federal government formally acknowledged the forced removal and internment of Japanese people as an injustice that had been motivated largely by racial prejudice

Question 19

Obergefell v. Hodges

Answer 19

court decision that guaranteed the right to marry to same-sex couples

Question 20

affirmative action

Answer 20

government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities

Question 21

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Answer 21

a government program intended to allow undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as minors to legally remain in the country to study or work

Question 22

Islamophobia

Answer 22

the fear of and discrimination against Islam or people who practice Islam