CHAPTER 5 Conventional Medical and Health Care

Question 1

4 ways to prevent illness in the first place (from the CDC)

Answer 1

• eating healthy and being physically active
• stay safe
• prevent spread of infectious diseases
• avoid substance use

Question 2

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Answer 2

responsible for the monitoring and approval of OTC drugs, and states that a drug will become available OTC for following circumstances:
- benfits outweigh drug risks
- potential for abuse is low
- can use for self diagnosed conditions
- can be labelled
- health practitioners not needed

Question 3

what are the 2 forms of pain receivers or analgesics

Answer 3

1. aceteminophen
2. nonsteroidal
   anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 4

what do NSAIDS do

Answer 4

• slow the production of enzymes that, in turn, slow the production of prostaglandins
• Prostaglandins are responsible for swelling and
  pain production when the body has suffered an injury.

Question 5

types of NSAIDS

Answer 5

Aspirin: has an added benefit of reducing blood clots and is often
recommended for individuals at risk for their development. Product dosing is unique to the product, so follow the product guidelines for dosing.

Ibuprofen: Found in products such as Motrin and Advil. Can be taken in dosages from 200–800 mg, three or four times each day. The maximum daily dose is 3,200 mg.

Ketoprofen: Found in products like Orudis. Each dose is 25–75 mg, taken three or
four times per day. The maximum daily dose is 300 mg.

Naproxin: Found in products such as Aleve. most common OTC dosage is 250–500 mg, with a maximum of 1,250 mg per day.

Question 6

Allergy Medicine (Antihistamines)

Answer 6

• counteract the symptoms associated with an allergic reaction
• body releases histamine when an allergic reaction is happening
• common ones: benadryl, loratadine, alavert

Question 7

medicines for the common cold (decongestant)

Answer 7

A decongestant works by reducing the blood flow to the nasal capillaries,
thereby reducing the swelling of the tissues in the nose. This opens the air passages for easier breathing.
- there are few oral decongestants approved by the FDA, primarily pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine

Question 8

medicines for a nagging cough

Answer 8

coughs are caused by excess phlegm (a gooey substance in the throat) or dryness causing a cough reflex
- medicines are called antitussives
- dextromethorphan is most common

Question 9

non-medicine options for treating it with a more natural approach

Answer 9

• rest
• warm salt water gargle
• hot, steamy shower

Question 10

essentia health suggestions on when to see a doctor

Answer 10

• You have a chronic illness and are unsure if this illness is related.
• Your symptoms continue or get worse even with rest and the use OTC meds.
• You are experiencing something new and it has you concerned.
• You think you may need an antibiotic.
• You experience diarrhea or constipation for longer than a week, or you notice
  blood or mucus in your diarrhea.
• You have feelings of worthlessness or helplessness that last for at least 2 weeks.
• You are injured and cannot self-treat

Question 11

Primary Care Provider

Answer 11

provider is the person first seen for checkups and health problems.
This person may be a medical doctor (MD) or a doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO)
- some physicians may specialize in advanced practice (paediatrics, gynaecology)

Question 12

nurse practitioner (NP)

Answer 12

• is a registered nurse who has obtained advanced education
  and clinical training
• take health histories and provide complete
  physical examinations, diagnose and treat many common acute and chronic problems, interpret laboratory results and X-rays, prescribe and manage medications, and
  perform other therapies
• health teaching and counselling

Question 13

physician assistant (PA)

Answer 13

• works under the guidance of a physician
• may be the principal care provider in smaller cities
• PA may provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive
  healthcare services
• take medical histories, examine and treat patients, x rays, lab tests
• treat minor injuries

Question 14

MD VS DO Similarities

Answer 14

• completed medical school and residency
• can diagnose and treat patients, perform procedures and prescribe meds
• can practice independently
• can be generalists, specialists or surgeons

Question 15

Allopathic Physician

Answer 15

mostly known as a conventional MD

Question 16

schooling of an allopathic physician (MD)

Answer 16

1. obtain undergraduate/bachelors degree
2. take MCAT
3. apply and get into medical school (4 years pre and clinical aspects)
4. residency program (3-7 years)
5. obtain a license to practice
6. fellowship

Question 17

osteopathic physician

Answer 17

• DOs practice a “whole person” approach to health care by not just treating specific symptoms
• also considered conventional physicians
• understand how all the body’s systems are interconnected and
  how each one affects the others
• believe that the musculoskeletal system reflects and influences the condition of all other body systems and believe that disease and its symptoms may be caused by disturbances of bones, muscles, or ligaments.

Question 18

Dr. Andrew Taylor Still

Answer 18

• was an MD who founded osteopathic medicine in 1874
• antagonistic toward drug and surgical practices of his day
• founded osteopathy in 1892

Question 19

how to become a doctor of osteopathy

Answer 19

• 4 year undergrad
• take MCAT
• personal interview
• osteopathic medical school (4 years academic and clinical)
• through internships, residencies, and fellowships that range from 3 to 8
  years of training
• specialize in area of medicine

Question 20

Flexner Report

Answer 20

1906, Abraham Flexner reviewed medical schools and education curriculum
- concluded that some schools were not being fair and the edcuation levels were all different
- study closed certain schoools
- the curriculum became
consistent and rigorous among all medical schools
- lack admission standards

Question 21

finding and selecting a physician

Answer 21

the most important step is determining which criteria are important
(e.g., clinical training, experience, and board certification, plus interests and expertise in a specialized area)
- setting/location
- age/sex
- accept insurance plans
- recommendation by a friend
- specializations

Question 22

The Joint Commission

Answer 22

accredits approximately 4,023 general children’s, long-term acute, psychiatric, rehabilitation and specialty hospitals, and 366 critical access hospitals through an accreditation program

Question 23

hospitals - 2 types

Answer 23

public (nonprofit) and some private (for-profit)
- public: owned by government and receives that funding
- Nonprofit: are often affiliated with a religious denomination and
have a charitable purpose.

Question 24

healthcare conglomerates

Answer 24

major medical centers
are composed of hospitals, clinics, and research
facilities that either include or are affiliated to a medical school
- crown jewels of health care in the US (cleavland clinic, mayo clinic, john hopkins)

Question 25

The most current version of a Patients’ Bill of Rights (US)

Answer 25

• Ensuring coverage for those people with preexisting conditions
• Ensuring the right to choose your doctor
• Ensuring fair treatment when you need emergency care
• Making sure your policy cannot be canceled unfairly
  Ending annual and lifetime limits
• Enhancing access to preventative services
• Ensuring your right to appeal health plan decisions
• Ensuring young adult coverage under their parents’ plan

Question 26

medical malpractice

Answer 26

is professional negligence by act or omission by a healthcare provider in which care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice in the medical community and causes injury or death to the
patient
- fail to diagnose disease, cause patient death, make mistakes