Chapter 5 Electrons And Bonding Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is the definition of electron configuration?
A shorthand representation that shows how electrons occupy sub-shells in an atom
What is an orbital?
A region of space in an atom around a nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spin
What is a sub-shell?
A group of orbitals of same type within a shell
What is a shell?
A group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number,n, also known as the main energy level
What are the different sub shells?
The S- sub shell in the first shell; the S and P- sub shell in the second shell; the S,P and D-sub shell in the third shell and the S,P,D and F-sub shell in the fourth shell.
What the 3D shape of an s-orbital?
Spherical
What is the 3D shape of a P-orbital?
Dumbbell
What are the different orbitals in a P-sub shell?
In a P-orbital there are three different orbitals (x,y,z)
Z orbital- dumbbell vertical, X-orbital- dumbbell horizontal and Y orbitals- dumbbell diagonal
How many orbitals make up the D-sub shell and how many electrons can it hold?
There are 5 orbitals that make up a d-orbital therefore it can hold up to 10 electrons
How many orbitals make up the F-sub shell and how many electrons can it hold?
There are 7 f-orbitals that make up the f-sub shell therefore it can hold up to 14 electrons.
State how many electrons there can be in the first, second, third and fourth shell?
First- 2 electrons, Second- 8 electrons, Third- 18 electrons and Fourth- 32 electrons
What is the correct order of sub shells?
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 4f….
What are the exceptions to Chromium and Copper?
In order to achieve a stable arrangement of lower energy, one of the 4s electrons is promoted into the 3d sub shell. Therefore, creating a lower repulsion.
How can shorthand electron configurations be written?
Electron configurations can be expressed more simply by using the previous noble gas in the periodic table and then adding on the outer electron shells.
Where are the s,p,d and f blocks found on the periodic table?
S-block: Left block consisting of two groups
P-block: Right block consisting of six groups
D-block: Centre block consisting of ten groups
F-block: Found at the bottom of the periodic table
What is the electron configuration of ions in the s or p-block?
When forming these ions, the highest energy level loses or gains electrons
How is the electron configuration of ions from d-block elements made?
Because the 4s sub shell is at a lower energy (electrons always fill from the lower energy levels first) than the 3d sub shell, this means that the 4s sub shell fills before the 3d sub shell consequently this means that the 4s sub shell also empties before the 3d sub shell.
What is the definition of ionic bonding?
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is the structure of ionic compounds?
When oppositely charged ions attract, they do so in all directions. This leads to the formation of a giant ionic lattice.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Melting and boiling point- takes a large amount of energy to overcome all the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions that acts in all directions within a giant ionic lattice. Therefore, Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
Solubility- Many ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water. In a water molecule, the oxygen atom is slightly negative and the hydrogen atom is slightly positive. When an ionic compound is placed in water, oxygen atoms of the water molecule attract to the positive ions of the compound, while the hydrogen atom attracts to the negative ion of the compound. If these attractive forces are stronger than the attractive forces between the ions, the compounds dissolve.
Electrical conductivity- In a solid state, ionic compounds dont conduct electricity because the ions are fixed in a giant ionic lattice by strong electrostatic forces of attraction and therefore can’t move . However, when molten or in aqueous states, ionic compounds are able to conduct electricity because ions are able to move.
What makes an ionic bond strong?
The strength of an ionic bond increases as the size of the ion decreases or the charge of the ion increases.
What is the definition of covalent bonding?
A strong bond between two atoms due to the electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the atomic nuclei.
Or
A shared pair of electrons
What is dative covalent bonding?
A shared pair of electrons which has been provided by one of the atoms only (the donor)
What is the process of dative covalent bonding?
The electrons of the shared pair are provided by one species (donor) and it shares the electrons with the acceptor. Donor species will have lone pairs in their outer shells, while acceptor species will be short of their ‘octet’ or maximum.
