Chapter 5: Exam 2 material

Question 1

bone

Answer 1

rigid because of mineral salts; well vascularized

Question 2

what are the mineral salts?

Answer 2

calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

Question 3

what is the bone matrix?

Answer 3

deposited in lamellae arranged in concentric patterns around tubes

Question 4

What is lamellae?

Answer 4

thin layers

Question 5

What are the tubes?

Answer 5

Haversian canals

Question 6

What are the bone cells?

Answer 6

osteocytes

Question 7

what do the osteoblasts do?

Answer 7

deposit new bone, manufacture fibers that are part of the matrix; sit in lacunae (pocket filled with fluid)

Question 8

osteoclasts?

Answer 8

take away unneeded bone (dissolve)

Question 9

osteocytes?

Answer 9

mature bone; located in lacunae

Question 10

what are the functions of bone?

Answer 10

internal support
protects vital parts
muscle attachment
formation of blood cells
storage of inorganic salts

Question 11

blood

Answer 11

transport substances, maintains stable internal environmental conditions
cells suspended in fluid matrix (blood plasma)
fibers are protein molecules that are visible only when blood clots

Question 12

blood cells?

Answer 12

RBC (erythrocytes); WBC (leukocytes); platelets (tiny dots in RBC)

Question 13

membranes

Answer 13

composed of epithelial and connective tissue

line body cavities, separate organs, cover surfaces

Question 14

types of membranes?

Answer 14

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

Question 15

mucous membrane

Answer 15

lines organs with a connection to the outside

Question 16

composition of mucous membrane?

Answer 16

simple squamous or stratified squamous epithelium
loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
another connective tissue layer (submucosa)
goblet cells found throughout

Question 17

functions of mucous membrane?

Answer 17

produce large quantities of mucus
secretion- mucus
absorption- intestinal lining

Question 18

serous membrane

Answer 18

lines organs and body cavities that have no connection to the outside
thoracic and abdominal cavities
continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form 2 layers with a narrow space between them:
- parietal- portion that lines cavity walls
- visceral- covers outer surface of organs

Question 19

composition of serous membrane?

Answer 19

simple squamous epithelium
loose connective tissue
arrangement allows interstitial fluid to pass through membranes into spaces between layers

Question 20

serous fluid transudate?

Answer 20

fluid which has been passed through a membrane

thin, watery, low protein content

Question 21

pathological conditions of serous membranes

Answer 21

effusion
adhesions
mesenteries

Question 22

exudate

Answer 22

when cells, protein, and other solid material mix with serous fluid (as in trauma) it becomes denser

Question 23

adhesions

Answer 23

if serosa are damaged, fluid production may impeded and abnormal connections form between parietal and visceral

Question 24

ascities

Answer 24

collection of fluid in abdominal cavity

Question 25

mesentaries

Answer 25

merging of visceral layers to form supportive ligaments secure organs to body wall and form a framework for passage of blood vessels and nerves include omentum and broad ligament

Question 26

omentum

Answer 26

secures stomach to abdominal wall

Question 27

broad ligament

Answer 27

attaches uterus to body wall

Question 28

cutaneous membrane (integument)

Answer 28

skin | perpetually exposed to outside environment

Question 29

composition of cutaneous membrane?

Answer 29

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) | dense irregular connective tissue (dermis

Question 30

synovial membranes

Answer 30

line joint cavities NO epithelium ONLY connective tissue

Question 31

composition of synovial membrane?

Answer 31

loose connective tissue and adipose covered by layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Question 32

synovial fluid

Answer 32

fills joint spaces | reduces friction and abrasion at the ends of bones

Question 33

collagen=

Answer 33

protein

Question 34

bone is what?

Answer 34

static (response to stresses)

Question 35

canaliculi?

Answer 35

channel of bone that osteocytes produce

Question 36

common integumentary =

Answer 36

skin

Question 37

muscle tissue

Answer 37

skeletal smooth cardiac

Question 38

muscle tissue components?

Answer 38

contractile actin (thin) and myosin (thick) cause movement of body parts

Question 39

skeletal

Answer 39

muscle attached to bones= tendon each cell contains hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria voluntary striated nerve damage cause muscle to ne paretic or paralyzed

Question 40

smooth

Answer 40

``` small, spindle, shaped cells lacks striations involuntary in walls of hollow internal organs single nucleus ```

Question 41

cardiac

Answer 41

``` occurs only in the heart intrinsic pacemaker small cells branched cells form complex network striated involuntary ```

Question 42

nervous tissue cell types?

Answer 42

neurons | neuroglial cells

Question 43

nervous tissue

Answer 43

found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Question 44

neurons

Answer 44

sensitive to changes in environment respond by transmitting nerve impulses longest cells in body

Question 45

parts of a neuron?

Answer 45

cell body: perikaryon (contains nucleus) dendrites: generally short (receives impulses from other cells) axons: generally long (conducts impulses away from cell body

Question 46

neuroglial cells

Answer 46

support and bind components of nervous system together insulate conductive membranes by myelin coverings phagocytosis connect neurons to blood vessels

Question 47

tissue healing and repair

Answer 47

inflammation

Question 48

inflammation response

Answer 48

a nonspecific reaction to injury or disease | the affected area becomes red, swollen , hot, and tender

Question 49

steps of inflammation response

Answer 49

1. vasoconstriction 2. sustained vasodilation 3. fluid from plasma pours into affected area 4. clot formation 5. macrophages and neutrophils 6. return to normal conditions

Question 50

step 1: vasoconstriction

Answer 50

small vessels of injured tissue | aid in control of hemorrhaging

Question 51

step 2: sustained vasodilation

Answer 51

due to release of heparin and histamine from mast cells increased permeability of capillaries increased blood flow to area increased supplies of oxygen and nutrients

Question 52

step 3: fluid form plasma pours into affected area

Answer 52

composed of proteins, enzymes, and antibodies causes soft tissue swelling swelling irritates nerve endings causing pain and tenderness

Question 53

step 4: clot formation

Answer 53

slows bleeding isolates wound from invasion of pathogens helps prevent bacteria and toxins from spreading into surrounding tissue external dried clots = scabs

Question 54

step 5: macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 54

squeeze through capillaries into tissues for removal of debris and pathogens live for only a few hours before dying accumulation of dead and degenerated phagocytic cells= pus

Question 55

external dried clots

Answer 55

scabs

Question 56

accumulation of dead and degenerated phagocytic cells

Answer 56

pus

Question 57

step 6: return to normal conditions

Answer 57

increased blood flow disperse heparin and histamine return of normal capillary size and permeability swelling, heat, and redness subside

Question 58

organization

Answer 58

formation of granulation tissue

Question 59

organization is what?

Answer 59

composed of a layer of collagen fibers infiltrated with small permeable capillaries produces bacterium-inhibiting substances overproduction of granulation tissue- proud flesh

Question 60

overproduction of granulation tissue

Answer 60

proud flesh

Question 61

regeneration (fibrosis)

Answer 61

epithelialization | scar tissue

Question 62

epithelialization

Answer 62

active division of epithelial cells to lay down a new layer over granulation tissue

Question 63

scar tissue

Answer 63

visible scar tissue under epithelium= scar strong, but less flexible than original may interfere with organ function

Question 64

visible scar tissue under epithelium

Answer 64

scar

Question 65

classification of wound repair

Answer 65

first second third

Question 66

first intention healing

Answer 66

skin heals without granulation or much scar tissue | little cuts or scrapes

Question 67

second intention healing

Answer 67

wound edges separated granulation tissue forms scar tissue remains sutures needed

Question 68

third intention healing

Answer 68

``` larger more extensive wounds very sow healing sutures needed ex. burns ```