Chapter 5, File 5 Vocabulary

Question 1

Lexical expression

Answer 1

A linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon.

Question 2

Word order

Answer 2

The linear order in which words can occur in some phrasal expression. Also, the set of syntactic properties of expressions that dictates how they can be ordered with respect to other expressions.

Question 3

Arguments

Answer 3

A linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence if some other expression occurs int that sentence as well.If the occurrence of an expression X in a sentence requires the occurrence of an expression Y in that sentence, we say that Y is an argument of X.

Question 4

Adjuncts

Answer 4

A linguistic expression whose occurrence in a sentence is optional. Also called modifier.

Question 5

Syntactic constituent

Answer 5

A syntactic constituents of a phrasal expression are the smaller expressions out of which the phrase was constructed.

Question 6

Cleft

Answer 6

A type of sentence that has the general form it is/was X that Y

Question 7

Syntactic categories

Answer 7

A group of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties. All expressions that belong to the same syntactic category have more or less the same syntactic distributions.

Question 8

syntactic distribution

Answer 8

Refers to the set of syntactic environments in which an expression can occur. If two expressions are interchangeable in all syntactic environments, we say that they have the same syntactic distribution, and therefore belong to the same syntactic category.

Question 9

Ditransitive verbs

Answer 9

The name of the syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. A verb that needs two noun phrase complements.

Question 10

Sentential complement verbs

Answer 10

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase, a verb that needs a sentence as its complement.

Question 11

prepositional phrase

Answer 11

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase. Can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts.

Question 12

Lexicon

Answer 12

A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions,including their form, meaning,morphological, and syntactic properties. As a part of descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental Mexican, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions.

Question 13

Transitive verbs

Answer 13

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase, a verb that needs a noun phrase complement.

Question 14

Ditransitive verbs

Answer 14

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. A verb that needs two noun phrase complements.

Question 15

Sentential complement verbs

Answer 15

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase. A verb that needs a sentence as its complement.

Question 16

Verb phrase

Answer 16

The name of a syntactic category that consists of all expressions which if combined with a noun phrase to their left result in a sentence.

Question 17

Intransitive verbs

Answer 17

The name for the set of lexical expressions whose syntactic category is verb phrase.

Question 18

Determiner

Answer 18

The name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as the, a, this, all, ext. Syntactically, consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun to their right result in an expression of category noun phrase.

Question 19

Adjectives

Answer 19

The name of a lexical category and syntactic category. Morphologically, consists of words to which the comparative suffix er or the suffix ness can be added. Syntactically, the category consists of those expressions that can be noun adjuncts or occur in between a determiner and a noun.

Question 20

Preposition

Answer 20

The name of a lexical category and syntactic category that consists of expression such as of, in, for, with, ext. Syntactically, this category consists of these expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in an expression of category prepositional phrase.

Question 21

VP adjuncts

Answer 21

A kind of a syntactic category that consists of all expressions which if combined with a noun phrase to their left result in a sentence.

Question 22

Phrase structured rules

Answer 22

A recipe for syntactically combining expressions of certain syntactic categories. Along with the lexicon, phrase structure rules are a part of a descriptive grammar of some language. Phrase structure rules have the general form X-Y, Y where X is a syntactic category and Y, …is a sequence of syntactic categories. The categories to the right of the arrow Y… Y correspond to the immediate syntactic constituent of the expression whose category is X.

Question 23

Phrase structure tree

Answer 23

a visual representation oh how phrase are constructed within a descriptive grammar, given the lexicon and the phrase structure rules.

Question 24

Ambiguity

Answer 24

The phenomenon by which a single linguistic form can be the form of more than one distinct linguistic expression. The form that is shared by more than one expression is said to be ambiguous

Question 25

Lexical ambiguity

Answer 25

The phenomenon where a single word is the form of two or more distinct linguistic expressions that differ in meaning or syntactic properties.

Question 26

Homophony

Answer 26

The phenomenon by which two or more distinct morphemes or noun-phrase linguistic expressions happen to have the same form. Sounds the same.

Question 27

Modifiers

Answer 27

Adjunct.

Question 28

Prepositional phrase

Answer 28

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase. Can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts.

Question 29

Subject

Answer 29

An expression, typically a noun phrase, that occurs to the left of the verb phrase in am English sentence.

Question 30

Object

Answer 30

A noun phrase that usually occurs immediately to the right of the verb in English. A noun phrase complement.

Question 31

Principle of compositionality

Answer 31

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 32

Co-occurrence

Answer 32

The set of syntactic properties that determines which expressions may or have to co-occur with some other expressions in a sentence

Question 33

Sentence

Answer 33

A syntactic category that consists of all phrases expressions that can grammatically occur in sally thinks that______.

Question 34

lexical entries

Answer 34

A representation of a lexical expression and its linguistic properties within a descriptive grammar of some language. A collection of lexical entries constitutes the lexicon. A lexical entry has the form f-X, where f is the form of some particular lexical expression, and X is its syntactic category.

Question 35

Ungrammatical

Answer 35

Not in accordance with the descriptive gammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules. When some phrasal expression is not constructed in accordance with the syntactical rules of a language, we say it is ungrammatical or syntactically ill-formed.

Question 36

Structural ambiguity

Answer 36

The phenomenon where a single string of words is the form of more than one distinct phrasal expression.Arises because the same expression can combine differently syntactically, resulting in distinct phrases that happen to have the same form.

Question 37

N adjuncts

Answer 37

A kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category noun with the resulting expression also being of category noun.