Chapter 5: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
1
Q
Alimentary Canal
A
Aliment/o
2
Q
or/o, stom/o, stomat/o
A
Oral Cavity
3
Q
labi/o, cheil/o
A
Lips
4
Q
bucc/o
A
Cheeks
5
Q
gloss/o, lingu/o
A
Tongue
6
Q
palat/o
A
patate
7
Q
dent/i, odont/o
A
teeth
8
Q
gingiv/o
A
gums
9
Q
uvul/o
A
uvula
10
Q
sialanden/o
A
salivary glands
11
Q
sial/o
A
saliva
12
Q
pharyng/o
A
pharynx
13
Q
esophag/o
A
esophagus
14
Q
gastro
A
stomach
15
Q
cardio/o
A
heart/cardia
16
Q
fund/o
A
fundus
17
Q
corpor/o
A
body
18
Q
pylor/o
A
pylorus
19
Q
plic/o
A
plicae
20
Q
duoden/o
A
duodenum
21
Q
jejun/o
A
jejunum
22
Q
ile/o
A
ileum
23
Q
cec/o
A
cecum
24
Q
appendic/o, appecd/o
A
appendix
25
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
26
rect/o
rectum
27
an/o
anus
28
proct/o
anus and rectum
29
lob/o
location/lobes
30
bil/i
bile
31
hepat/o
liver
32
col/o, colon/o
large intestines
33
enter/o
small intestines
34
adnexa
accessory organs
35
cholecysto/o
gallbladder
36
pancreat/o
pancreas
37
Dyspepsia
a condition that causes discomfort in the upper abdomen and impaired digestion.
| dys- abnormal pepsia-digestion
38
Eructation
The release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. Eructation is usually caused by a buildup of air in the esophagus or upper part of the stomach when too much air is swallowed.
39
Halitosis
Halitosis, also known as bad breath, is a medical term for an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth
40
Pyrosis
Pyrosis, or heartburn, is when a burning sensation is felt in the chest from stomach acid that has traveled back into the esophagus. Pyrosis is caused when the sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus does not work properly.
41
Hiccup/singultus
the medical term for hiccups, which are a common reflex that involves the sudden contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
42
Hematemesis
vomiting blood, which can be a sign of internal bleeding in the upper digestive tract. Blood can appear bright red, or it can be darker and coagulated, similar to coffee grounds.
43
Constipation
a common condition that occurs when it's difficult to pass stools or bowel movements are infrequent
44
obstipation
is a severe form of chronic constipation that occurs when someone is unable to pass stool or gas due to a blockage of hard, dry stool in their bowels. It can cause abdominal pain, swelling, and sometimes diarrhea.
45
Hematochezia
a condition where fresh blood passes through the anus during a bowel movement, usually mixed in with stool.
| hemato-blood chezia-elimination of waste
46
Melena
Melena is a medical term for black, tarry stools that indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It's caused by blood that remains in the colon long enough to be broken down by bacteria, which gives the stool its dark color.
47
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
a chronic gastrointestinal condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements
48
Congenital disorder
A congenital disorder, also known as a birth defect, is a condition that is present at birth and can affect a child's appearance, body function, or both. Congenital disorders can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, and some can be identified before birth, at birth, or later in life.
49
Cleft palate
a birth defect that occurs when the roof of a baby's mouth doesn't form completely, leaving an opening between the nose and mouth.
50
Esophageal atresia
is a rare birth defect in which a baby is born without part of the esophagus
| atresia-missing
51
Hirschsprung disease
a rare birth defect that occurs when nerves in the intestine don't develop properly, resulting in a blockage of stool in the bowels:
52
Pyloric stenosis
a rare condition in infants that occurs when the pylorus, the valve between the stomach and small intestine, narrows. This prevents food from passing through normally, leading to a number of symptoms
53
Aphthous Stomatitis
also known as canker sores, is a common condition that causes painful ulcers to develop in the mouth.
54
Cheilitis
a medical condition that causes inflammation of the lips.
55
Cheilosis
a condition that causes inflammation and cracking of the corners of the mouth.
56
Malocclusion
a dental condition that occurs when the upper and lower teeth are not properly aligned, or when there is an irregular contact between the teeth when the jaws close.
57
Dental Caries
also known as tooth decay or cavities, is a disease that occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acid that breaks down teeth
58
Dental Plaque
a sticky film of bacteria that builds up on teeth and gums. It's a normal part of oral health, but it can lead to serious problems if left untreated
59
Herpetic stomatitis
viral infection of the mouth that causes sores and ulcers
60
Leukoplakia
a condition that causes abnormal white or gray patches to develop in the mouth, usually on the gums, tongue, cheeks, or under the tongue.
61
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
62
Pyorrhea
Bacterial infection of the gums
63
Achalasia
a rare swallowing disorder that affects the muscles in the esophagus, making it difficult to move food from the mouth to the stomach.
64
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
65
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
a condition that develops when there is a retrograde flow of stomach contents back into the esophagus
66
Gastralgia
Stomachache
67
Gastritis
a condition that causes inflammation of the stomach lining.
68
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Sore in the stomach or duodenum
69
Appendicitis
a medical emergency that occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed, swollen, and infected
70
Acute peritonitis
a life-threatening condition that involves inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue lining the abdominal wall and organs.
71
anal fissure
a small tear in the thin, moist tissue that lines the anus.
72
anorectal abscess
swelling around the anus and a constant, throbbing pain with swelling.
73
hemorrhoid
swollen veins in the anus and rectum that can cause discomfort and sometimes bleeding
74
proctitis
Inflammation inside your rectum
75
pruritus ani
anal itching
76
Colitis
a chronic or acute inflammation of the colon's lining.
77
Crohn disease
a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus.
78
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
a group of lifelong diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines.
79
Ulcerative colitis
a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes ulcers and inflammation in the colon and rectum
80
Diverticulosis
a condition where small pouches, or diverticula, form in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, usually in the large intestine.
81
Diverticulitis
a gastrointestinal condition that occurs when small pouches, or diverticula, in the large intestine become inflamed or infected.
82
Fistula
an abnormal connection between two parts of the body, such as an organ, blood vessel, or intestine, that usually results in an abnormal flow of fluid.
83
Ileus
a condition that occurs when the intestines are unable to move food and waste through the body normally.
84
Cirrhosis
a chronic liver disease that occurs when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, which prevents the liver from functioning properly.
85
Hepatitis A
a highly contagious liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness
86
Hepatitis B
a viral infection that affects the liver and can be either acute or chronic
87
Hepatitis C
a viral infection that affects the liver and can be life-threatening.
88
Jaundice
a condition that causes the skin and eyes to appear yellow or greenish due to high levels of bilirubin in the body.
89
Pancreatitis
a condition that causes inflammation of the pancreas
90
Cholangitis
a condition that causes inflammation of the bile duct system, which is responsible for transporting bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine
91
Cholecystitis
a condition that causes inflammation of the gallbladder,
92
Choledocholithiasis
when you have a gallstone in your common bile duct
93
Cholelithiasis
the medical term for gallstones
94
Femoral hernia
rare type of hernia found in the thigh
95
Hiatal Hernia
occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm
96
Inguinal hernia
a bulge or lump that occurs when tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles and into the groin area
97
Umbilical hernia
a condition that occurs when the abdominal wall near the belly button is damaged, allowing abdominal fat or parts of the intestine to protrude through
98
Incarcerated hernia
a part of the intestine or abdominal tissue that becomes trapped in the sac of a hernia
99
Strangulated hernia
occurs when the hernia contents are ischemic due to a compromised blood supply
100
Cystadenoma
a benign epithelial tumor predominated by unicystic or multicystic growth
101
Leiomyoma
a benign tumor that can grow in any organ, but most commonly occurs in the uterus, esophagus, or small bowel.
102
Odontogenic tumor
abnormal growths that develop in the jaw or teeth,
103
Polyps, adenomatous, hyperplastic
a small, abnormal growth of tissue that can appear in various parts of the body, such as the nose, intestines, or uterus.
104
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that forms in the glandular tissue, which lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, and other fluids.
105
Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma
pertaining to or affecting liver cells.
106
Squamous cell carcinoma
a cancer that starts in the squamous cells that make up the skin, eyes, and other parts of the body
107
Barium enema (BE)
a radiographic (X-ray) exam that uses a liquid called barium to help make the colon and rectum visible on an X-ray.
108
Barium swallow (BaS)
is a radiology exam that uses an X-ray and a chalky-tasting liquid to examine the upper GI tract
109
Cholecystography
a medical imaging procedure that uses an X-ray to evaluate the gallbladder and biliary ducts
110
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
a procedure that uses a combination of X-ray and an endoscope to diagnose and treat issues with the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile ducts
111
Computed tomography scan (CT)
a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body.
112
Endoscopy
a medical procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the body using an endoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.
113
Manometry
a pressure measurement technique that can be used to evaluate the movement and pressure of the esophagus, anus, or nose
114
Sonography
a painless non-invasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce visual images of organs, tissues, or blood. flow inside the body.
115
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC/PTCA)
a procedure that uses X-rays to examine the bile ducts and biliary tract
116
Biopsy
a medical procedure that removes tissue or cells from the body to examine for signs of disease or damage
117
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
an enzyme found in the liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, and brain that can be measured in a blood test
118
Stool culture
a lab test that analyzes a stool sample for the presence of bacteria or other germs that can cause infection or disease.
119
Stool guaiac/hemoccult test
a lab test that analyzes a stool sample for the presence of bacteria or other germs that can cause infection or disease.
120
Total bilirubin
a combination of direct and indirect bilirubin
121
Anastomoses
a connection between two things that are usually branching or diverging, such as blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.
122
Bariatric surgery
Weight loss surgery
123
Colostomy
a surgical procedure that creates an opening in the abdomen to divert part of the large intestine (colon) to the outside of the body.
124
Enema
a medical procedure that involves introducing liquid or other substances into the rectum to help with bowel movements
125
Gastrectomy
a surgical procedure that removes part or all of the stomach
126
Hemorrhoidectomy
a surgical procedure that removes hemorrhoids, which are swollen veins in the anus or anal area
127
Herniorrhaphy
a surgical procedure that repairs a hernia, which occurs when an organ pushes through a weak area in the abdominal wall:
128
Laparoscopic surgery
a surgical procedure that uses small incisions to diagnose and treat conditions in the abdomen or pelvis
129
Cholecystectomy
a surgical procedure that removes the gallbladder
130
Trocar
a surgical instrument with a three-sided cutting point enclosed in a tube, used for withdrawing fluid from a body cavity.
131
Laparotomy
a surgical procedure that involves making a large incision in the abdomen to access the peritoneal cavity and examine the abdominal organs
132
Ligation
the surgical procedure of closing off a blood vessel or other duct or tube in the body by means of a ligature or clip
133
Lysis of adhesions
a surgical procedure that removes or breaks down scar tissue that forms between organs or tissues.
134
Nasogastric intubation
a medical procedure that involves inserting a flexible plastic tube through the nose and into the stomach
135
Paracentesis
a procedure that involves removing fluid from the abdomen using a needle or catheter.
136
Odontectomy
a surgical procedure to remove an impacted tooth, such as a wisdom tooth.
136
Pyloromyotomy
a surgical procedure that treats pyloric stenosis by cutting the pyloric muscle to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine
137
Polypectomy
a surgical procedure to remove a polyp, which is an abnormal tissue growth on a mucous membrane.
138
Stomatoplasty
a surgical procedure that involves the repair or plastic surgery of the mouth or other openings in the body
139
Gastric gavage
also known as stomach pumping or gastric irrigation, is a procedure that removes stomach contents using a tube.
140
Enteral nutrition
a method of delivering nutrients and fluids to the body through the digestive system.
141
Parenteral nutrition
also known as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or intravenous feeding, is a method of delivering nutrients directly into a vein to bypass the digestive system.
142
Hyperalimentation
A form of nutritional support that is given directly into the bloodstream through a catheter placed into a vein.
143
Anorexiants
drugs that act on the brain to suppress appetite.
144
Antacids
medicines that counteract (neutralise) the acid in your stomach to relieve indigestion and heartburn.
145
Antidiarrheals
name given to certain types of medicines that stop or slow diarrhea.
146
Antiemetics
drugs that treat nausea and vomiting
147
Cathartics
purgative drug.
148
Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA's)
also known as H2 blockers, are a class of drugs that reduce gastric acid production and are used to treat a variety of conditions:
149
Proton pump inhibitors
a class of drugs that reduce stomach acid production to treat and prevent conditions like acid reflux, ulcers, and damage to the esophagus:
