CHAPTER 5: INFANCY Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
(Patterns of Growth)
sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs from the top downward
A
Cephalocaudal Pattern
2
Q
(Patterns of Growth)
Eyes and brain before the jaw
A
Cephalocaudal Pattern
3
Q
(Patterns of Growth)
sequence in which growth starts in the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
A
Proximodistal Pattern
4
Q
(Patterns of Growth)
Infants control their trunk first before they can control their hands and fingers
A
Proximodistal Pattern
5
Q
(Height and Weight)
Newborns lose how many percent of their body weight in the first several days of life?
A
5-7%
6
Q
(Height and Weight)
At 1 year old, newborns should have _______ their weight.
A
tripled
7
Q
(Height and Weight)
At 2 years old, what is the body weight of infants in kilograms?
A
12 to 14.5 kg
8
Q
(Height and Weight)
1) A Child’s growth is rapid between?
2) What height does the baby approximately reaches?
3) How much do they weigh from their birth weight?
A
1) 0 - 12 months
2) 75 cm
3) triple
9
Q
(The Brain)
brain swelling and hemorrhaging from child abuse trauma
A
Shaken Baby Syndrome
10
Q
(The Brain)
The functions of this lobe are voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.
A
Frontal
11
Q
(The Brain)
The functions of this lobe are registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.
A
Parietal
12
Q
(The Brain)
The functions of this lobe are hearing, language processing and memory.
A
Temporal
13
Q
(The Brain)
The function of this lobe is vision.
A
Occipital
14
Q
(The Brain)
It has been found in children who grow up in a deprived environment.
A
Depressed Brain Activity
15
Q
(The Brain)
These wires and rewires the brain.
A
repeated experiences
16
Q
(The Brain)
The brain is both?
A
flexible and resilient
17
Q
(The Brain)
He had the left hemisphere of his brain removed in order to stop seizures. After much therapy, the right side of his brain began to reorganize and take over left hemisphere functions.
Who is he?
A
Michael Rehbein
18
Q
(The Brain)
He is a twentieth-century neuroscientist, who made numerous contributions to the understanding of the twin halves of the brain.
Who is he?
A
Roger W. Sperry
19
Q
(The Brain)
He conducted investigations on split-brain patients, people whose left and right brains lack the normal connections between them. These people sometimes exhibit brain side dominance, but they also display a range of distinctive behaviors from only one side or the other.
Who is he?
A
Roger W. Sperry
20
Q
Are the effects of deprived environments reversible?
A
Yes, because the brain is flexible and resilient.
21
Q
(Sleep)
How many hours does a typical newborn sleep?
A
18 hours
22
Q
(Sleep)
What is the most common infant sleep-related problem?
A
Night Walking
23
Q
(Sleep)
What is the link between infant sleep and children’s cognitive functions?
A
Brain maturation and memory consolidation which improves daytime alertness and learning.
24
Q
(Sleep)
It varies from culture to culture.
A
Shared Sleeping
25
(Sleep)
This academy discourages shared sleeping.
American Academy of Pediatrics
26
(Sleep)
What are the potential benefits of shared sleeping?
- Breastfeeding
- Quick response to crying
- Detects breathing problems or pauses
27
(Sleep)
It happens when infants stop breathing and die without apparent cause.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
28
(Sleep)
When is the highest risk of age in SIDS?
2 to 4 months old
29
(Nutrition)
How many calories per day for each pound that the infant weighs?
50 calories
30
(Nutrition)
When can infants eat fruits and vegetables?
end of 1st year
31
(Nutrition)
These lead to increasing rates of overweight and obese infants.
Poor Dietary Patterns
32
(Nutrition)
It reduces the risk of obesity.
Breastfeeding
33
(Nutrition)
According to WHO, overweight and obese children are most likely to ____ ____ into adulthood and to develop _______ ______ like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age.
stay obese; noncommunicable diseases
34
(Nutrition)
American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorses breast feeding throughout the _____ _____.
first year
35
(Nutrition)
It is a severe protein-calorie deficiency resulting in a wasting away of body tissues.
Marasmus
36
(Nutrition)
It is a severe protein deficiency that causes the abdomen and feet to swell with water.
Kwashiorkor
37
(Nutrition)
This malnutrition occurs in children between 6 months and 3 years of age.
Kwashiorkor
38
(Nutrition)
This malnutrition is common in infants under 1 year of age.
Marasmus
39
(Nutrition)
A child with this malnutrition is lethargic.
Kwashiorkor
40
(Nutrition)
A child with this malnutrition is a voracious feeder.
Marasmus
41
(Motor Development)
These are built-in reactions to stimuli; automatic and inborn.
Reflexes
42
(Motor Development)
This reflex refers to looking for a food source.
Rooting
43
(Motor Development)
What are the reflexes of a newborn?
(RSMG)
Rooting, Sucking, Moro, and Grasping
44
(Motor Development)
These involve large muscle activities such as moving one’s arms and walking.
Gross Motor Skills
45
(Motor Development)
Some infants do not ______ the standard sequence of motor development.
follow
46
(Motor Development)
These are finely tuned movements such as using a spoon, buttoning a shirt, reaching, and grasping.
Fine Motor Skills
47
(Motor Development)
This fine motor skill refers to grasping with the whole hand.
Palmar Grasp
48
(Motor Development)
This fine motor skill refers to grasping with the thumb and forefinger.
Pincer Grip
49
(Sensation and Perception)
The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils,
and skin.
Sensation
50
(Sensation and Perception)
The interpretation of what is sensed.
Perception
51
(Sensation and Perception)
When does infants show interest in human faces?
Soon after birth
52
(Sensation and Perception)
They can hear and learn sounds during the last _____ _____ of pregnancy and can recognize their mother's voice at birth.
The "they" in the statement refers to?
Fetuses; two months
53
(Sensation and Perception)
They do respond to touch and can also feel pain.
The "they" in the statement above refers to who?
Newborns
54
(Sensation and Perception)
In the experiment by ___________, 6-day-old infants preferred to smell their mother's breast pad rather than a clean one that had never been used, but 2-day-old infants did not show this preference, indicating that odor preference requires several days of experience to develop.
MacFarlane
55
(Sensation and Perception)
Newborns' sensitivity to taste may be present, when?
before birth
56
(Sensation and Perception)
It is the least well-developed sense; accommodation and visual acuity are limited; is sensitive to brightness; can discriminate some colors; tracks moving targets.
What sense is this?
Vision
57
(Sensation and Perception)
Turns in the direction of sounds, less sensitive to soft sounds than an adult would be but can discriminate sounds that differ in such dimensions as loudness, direction, and frequency. Particularly responsive to speech; recognizes mother's voice.
What sense is this?
Hearing
58
(Sensation and Perception)
Prefers sweet solutions; can discriminate sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes.
What sense is this?
Taste
59
(Sensation and Perception)
Detects a variety of odors; turns away from unpleasant ones. If breastfed, can identify the mother by the odor of her breast and underarm area.
What sense is this?
Smell
60
(Sensation and Perception)
Responsive to touch, temperature change, and pain.
What sense is this?
Touch
61
(Cognitive Processes)
These are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Schemas
62
(Cognitive Processes)
Also called Physical Activities. They characterize infancy and consist of simple actions that can be performed on objects such as sucking and grasping.
Behavioral Schemes
63
(Cognitive Processes)
Also called Cognitive Activities. They develop in childhood and include strategies and plans for solving problems.
Mental Schemes
64
(Cognitive Processes)
It occurs when children use their existing schemas to deal with new information or experiences.
Seeing something you already know, a dog for example.
Assimilation
65
(Cognitive Processes)
It occurs when children adjust their schemas to take new information and experiences into account.
Seeing another furry four-legged animal, a cat for example for the first time.
Accommodation
66
(Cognitive Processes)
It is an important concept in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development wherein a child actively tries to make sense of the world by fitting new information into what they already know.
Assimilation
67
(Cognitive Processes)
It is an important concept in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development wherein a child actively tries to make sense of the world by changing what they know to fit new information.
Accommodation
68
(Cognitive Processes)
The child assimilates and accommodates which will lead to a?
new way of thinking
69
(Cognitive Development)
This stage lasts from birth to 2 years.
Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, and motoric actions.
Examples are reflexes, thumb sucking, cooing, hand eye coordination, and imitating people they’ve seen.
Sensorimotor Stage
70
(Cognitive Development)
It refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
What is it? When is this developed?
Object Permanence; developed by the end of the sensorimotor period (2 years)
71
(Cognitive Development)
Piaget argued it is one of infancy’s landmark cognitive accomplishments.
What is it?
Object Permanence
72
(Cognitive Development)
Coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. The language used for demands and cataloguing. Object permanence is developed.
What stage of cognitive development is stated above? Provide the age range.
- Sensorimotor Stage
- 0 to 2 years old
73
(Cognitive Development)
Symbolic thinking; use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult. Conservation is developed.
What stage of cognitive development is stated above? Provide the age range.
- Preoperational Stage
- 2 to 7 years old
74
(Cognitive Development)
Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts.
What stage of cognitive development is stated above? Provide the age range.
- Concrete Operational Stage
- 7 to 11 years old
75
(Cognitive Development)
Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking. Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning become possible. Concepts learned in one context can be applied to another.
What stage of cognitive development is stated above? Provide the age range.
- Formal Operational Stage
- 11 years old and older
76
(Behavioral and Social Development)
In Rovee-Collier’s experiment, what conditioning was used to demonstrate that infants as young as 2 and a half months of age can retain information from the experience of being conditioned?
Operant Conditioning
77
(Behavioral and Social Development)
In his experiment, operant conditioning was used to demonstrate that infants as young as 2 and a half months of age can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.
Who is he?
Rovee-Collier
78
(Behavioral and Social Development)
It refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
This is when we become less interested or responsive to something after we've seen or experienced it many times.
Habituation
79
(Behavioral and Social Development)
It refers to the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.
It happens when we become more interested or responsive to something because there's been a change in the situation.
Dishabituation
80
(Behavioral and Social Development)
This behavior, which was researched by Rechele Brooks, happens when an infant or person pays attention to where someone else is looking.
Gaze Following
81
(Behavioral and Social Development)
Brooks and Meltzoff's research found that infants typically start engaging in gaze following when they are around?
10 to 11 months old
82
(Behavioral and Social Development)
Infant development researcher ______ ______ protrudes his tongue in an attempt to get the infant to imitate his behavior.
Who is the researcher? What concept is the situation referring to?
Andrew Meltzoff; Infant Imitation
83
(Language Development)
It is a form of communication – whether spoken, written, or signed – that is based on a system of symbols.
It consists of words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them.
Language
84
(Language Development)
It is a language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences.
It captures infant's attention and maintains communication.
Child-Directed Speech
85
(Language Development)
How does language develop in infants?
- By recognizing language sounds
- Babbling and other vocalizations
86
(Language Development)
What is the sequence of sounds?
Crying, Cooing, and Babbling
87
(Language Development)
These are used by about 8 to 12 months.
Gestures
88
(Language Development)
It is considered an important index of the social aspect of language.
A lack of this is a significant indicator in the infant's communication system.
Pointing
89
(Language Development)
These are biological influences for language development.
Nervous System and Vocal Apparatus
90
(Language Development)
This particular brain region helps in language production.
What lobe is it located?
Broca's area; Frontal Lobe
91
(Language Development)
This particular brain region helps in language comprehension.
What lobe is it located?
Wernicke's area; Left Temporal Lobe
92
(Language Development)
Behaviorists claim that it is a complex learned skill acquired through responses and reinforcements.
Language
93
(Language Development)
Children’s vocabulary is linked to family __________ status and the type of talk _______ direct toward their children.
socioeconomic; parents
94
(Socioemotional Development)
Infants are ________ beings too. They are capable of showing emotions and initiating social interaction with people close to them.
socioemotional
95
(Socioemotional Development)
Feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.
Emotion
96
(Socioemotional Development)
Infants communicate through?
emotions
97
(Socioemotional Development)
What are the brain regions that play a role in emotions?
Brain Stem, Hippocampus, and Amygdala
98
(Socioemotional Development)
These two provide diversity in emotional experiences.
Relationships and Culture
99
(Socioemotional Development)
It is commonly thought to form the core of a neural system for processing fearful and threatening stimuli.
Amygdala
100
(Socioemotional Development)
They make each other laugh and may develop a light mood to defuse conflict.
Well-functioning Families
101
(Socioemotional Development)
They are present in humans and animals and emerge early in life.
When do they emerge?
Primary Emotions; first six months
102
(Socioemotional Development)
They require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of “me."
When do they emerge?
Self-Conscious Emotions; second half of first year
103
(Socioemotional Development)
What are the primary emotions?
joy, fear, sadness, surprise, interest, and anger
(JoFeSa SuInA)
104
(Socioemotional Development)
What are the self-conscious emotions?
jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame and guilt
(JeEmEm PriShaGu)
105
(Socioemotional Development)
It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
Crying
106
(Socioemotional Development)
It is a key social signal and a very important aspect of positive social interaction in developing a new social skill.
It is reflexive (automatic) and social.
Smiling
107
(Socioemotional Development)
It is one of a baby’s earliest emotions; occurs at 6 months and peaks at 18 months.
Fear
108
(Socioemotional Development)
It refers to infants showing fear and wariness towards strangers.
What is it in Filipino context?
Stranger Anxiety; Nangingilala
109
(Socioemotional Development)
It is an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.
When does this typically peaks?
Separation Protest; 15 months old for U.S. infants
110
(Socioemotional Development)
It reduces the level of stress hormones.
Soothing
111
(Socioemotional Development)
It is a traditional practice of wrapping a baby up gently in a light, breathable blanket to help them feel calm and sleepy.
Swaddling
112
(Socioemotional Development)
Should the crying baby be given attention and soothed or does this spoil the infant?
Infants cannot be spoiled in the first year of life, so they should be given attention.
113
(Socioemotional Development)
What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Trust vs. Mistrust (TRUST)
114
(Socioemotional Development)
What is the second stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (INDEPENDENCE)
115
(Socioemotional Development)
It is the the motivation of toddlers to do what they are capable of doing at their own pace.
Autonomy
116
(Socioemotional Development)
Infants feel ____ in new accomplishments and want to do everything themselves.
Pride
117
(Socioemotional Development)
These are developed when parents consistently overprotect children or criticize small accidents (wetting, soiling, spilling, breaking) and about their ability to control themselves and their world.
Shame and Doubt
118
(Socioemotional Development)
This stage has an important implications for the individuals future development.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
119
(Socioemotional Development)
This is when babies start to pay more attention to people around them. At around 2 to 3 months of age, infants become more interested in faces and respond more positively to people than to objects. They are starting to recognize and engage with the people in their lives.
Social Orientation
120
(Socioemotional Development)
Babies and caregivers often play by looking at each other's faces. This is a way for the baby to connect with the caregiver and learn about social interactions.
Face-to-Face Play
121
(Socioemotional Development)
It means the ability to move around, like crawling or walking. When babies gain these mobility skills, it opens up a whole new world for them. They can explore their surroundings and interact with more people and objects, which helps them expand their social experiences.
Locomotion
122
(Socioemotional Development)
It refers to "reading" emotional cues in others to determine how to act in a particular situation.
For instance, a mother's facial expression influences an infant's behavior.
Social Referencing
123
(Socioemotional Development)
It is a close emotional bond between two people.
Attachment
124
(Socioemotional Development)
According to him, infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction.
Freud
125
(Socioemotional Development)
According to him, contact comfort is preferred over food; monkey experiment on attachment (Wire Mother Experiment).
Harlow
126
(Socioemotional Development)
According to him, infants and their caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
Bowlby
126
(Socioemotional Development)
According to him, trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care.
Erikson
127
(Socioemotional Development)
It is an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order (Ainsworth).
Strange Situation
128
(Socioemotional Development)
Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Securely Attached babies
129
(Socioemotional Development)
- Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
- Leaning away or looking away
Insecure Avoidant babies
130
(Socioemotional Development)
babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
Insecure Resistant babies
131
(Socioemotional Development)
- babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
- Confused and fearful
Insecure Disorganized babies
132
(Socioemotional Development)
It is an important foundation for psychological development later in life.
It is linked to positive emotional health, high self esteem, self confidence, social competence with peers.
Secure attachment
133
(Socioemotional Development)
Secure Attachment is linked to lower rates of ____ ____ at 3 years of age.
peer conflict
