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Bio 201 > Chapter 5 Integumentary system > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumentary system Flashcards

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1
Q

Integumentray system consist of

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

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2
Q

Functions of skin

A

Skin is first and foremost a barrier.
Its main functions include:
Protection
Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensations
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion of wastes

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3
Q

Chemical barrier

A

skin secretes chemicals such as:
Sweat which contains antimicrobial proteins
Sebum and defensins which kill bacteria
Acid mantle- low pH which stops some bacteria
Melanin protects against UV radiation

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4
Q

Physical barrier

A

Flat, dead, keratinized cells surrounded by glycolipids, block: most water and water-soluble substances

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5
Q

Biological barrier

A

contains phagocytic cells which: engulf foreign antigens and present to white blood cells, activating the immune response

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6
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce: about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat

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7
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce: 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat
Designed to cool body

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8
Q

Cold external environment

A

Dermal blood vessels constrict

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9
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors are part of the nervous system
Respond to stimuli such as: temperature, touch, and pain

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10
Q

Metabolic Functions

A

Skin can synthesize vitamin: D
Needed for: calcium absorption in the intestine
Requires: exposure to UV light
Lack of: Vitamin D can lead to a bone disorder called rickets

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11
Q

Blood Reservoir

A

Skin can hold up to 5 % of the body’s total blood volume
Skin vessels can be: constricted to shunt blood to other organs, such as an exercising muscle

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12
Q

Excretion

A

Skin can secrete limited amounts: of nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid
Sweating can cause: salt and water loss

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13
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial region
Consists of: epithelial tissue and is avascular

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14
Q

Dermis

A

underlies epidermis
Mostly: fibrous connective tissue, vascular

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15
Q

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

A

subcutaneous layer deep in the skin
Mostly adipose tissue that: absorbs shock and insulates
Anchors skin to underlying structures; mostly muscles
NOT part of skin but shares some function

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16
Q

Which of the layers are considered part of the skin?

A

Dermis, epidermis

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17
Q

Which of the layers are vascular? Avascular?

A

Dermis, epidermis

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18
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Major cells of epidermis

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19
Q

keratinocytes Produce fibrous

A

Keratin

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20
Q

keratinocytes are Tightly connected by

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

Melanocytes

A

Spider-shaped cells located in the Deepest epidermis

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22
Q

Produce pigment

23
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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A

Star-shaped, macrophages that petrol deep epidermis
Key activators of the Immune system

24
Q

Tactile (Merkel) cells

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A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

25
Stratum basale (Basal layer) (aka Stratum germinativum)
Deepest of all epidermal layers Consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic), producing two daughter cells each time 10–25% of the layer is also composed of Melanocytes
26
Stratum spinosum (Prickly layer )
Several cell layers thick Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate keratin filaments attached to desmosomes Allows them to resist tension and pulling Scattered among keratinocytes are abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells
27
Stratum granulosum (Granular layer)
Four to six cells thick, but cells are flattened, so layer is thin Cell appearance changes Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate Keratinization begins Cells also accumulate lamellar granules, a water-resistant glycolipid that slows water loss Cells above this layer die
28
Stratum lucidum (Clear layer)
Found only in thick skin (Palm of hand and sole of foot) Consists of a thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
29
Stratum corneum (Horny layer)
20–30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized: dead cells Accounts for: Three-quarters of epidermal thickness Though dead, cells
30
dead, cells still function to
Protect deeper cells from the environment Prevent water loss Protect from: abrasion and penetration Act as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
31
Cells change by going through
Apoptosis
32
Dermis
Strong, flexible: connective tissue Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands
33
Papillary Layer
Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels Loose fibers allow phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms
34
Dermal papillae
superficial region of the dermis that: sends fingerlike projections up into the epidermis. Projections contain capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles) In thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges, which give rise to: Epidermal ridges
35
friction ridges
Enhance gripping ability Contribute to a sense of touch Sweat pores in ridges leave unique: fingerprint patterns
36
Reticular Layer
Makes up 80 % of dermal thickness Consists of: dense irregular connective tissue Many elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
37
Cutaneous plexus
a network of blood vessels: between the reticular layer and hypodermis
38
Cleavage (tension)
lines in the reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to the skin surface Important to: surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily
39
Flexure lines of reticular layer are
dermal folds at or near joints Dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures Skin’s inability to slide easily for joint movement causes deep creases
40
Melanin
Only pigment made in skin made by melanocytes
41
Packaged into melanosomes that are sent to
shield DNA of keratinocytes from damaging UV sunlight
42
UV light destroys
folic acid -Necessary for DNA synthesis, so insufficient folic acid is especially dangerous for developing embryos
43
Why did different populations evolve different levels of melanin?
Different latitudes
44
Carotene
Yellow to orange Pigment Most obvious in palms and soles From diet
45
Hemoglobin
Pinkish hue of pale skin is due to lower levels of: melanin
46
Cyanosis
blue skin color low oxygenation of hemoglobin
47
Pallor
blanching or pale Anemiaa, low blood pressure, fear, anger
48
Erythema
redness Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
49
Jaundice
yellow cast, liver disorders
50
Bruises
black and blue marks, clotted blood beneath the skin
51
Hair
Typically found all over the body except on: palms, soles, lips, nipples, and some portions of external genitalia
52
Hair Functions
Warn of: insects on skin Hair on the head guards against physical trauma Protect from: heat loss Shield skin from sunlight
53
Structure of a Hair
Hairs (also called pili) flexible strands of dead, keratinized cells,Produced by hair follicles

Bio 201 (2 decks)

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